Tuesday, December 31, 2019
Essay The Various Renewable and Non- Renewable Energy Sources
Electricity is a vital service a majority of the world uses on a daily basis. If it were to be depleted, many of us would not know what to do. Thankfully, however, not all sources of energy are non-renewable (although the renewable sources do have their downsides). Some sources are more prevalent in certain areas, while they may be extremely scarce in others; on the contrary, some sources are found all over the world, but only in trace amounts. The world around us uses many different types of electrical energy and a variety of sources from which that energy may be extracted. Solar power, biomass, wind, oil, gas and coal energy all have their positive and negative effects on the environment, animals and human beings. Without them, the†¦show more content†¦Transistors act as switches or amplifiers in an electrical appliance through the use of small-voltage-directed currents. Once the photo-resistor detects no light reaching the solar panel, it will allow the current to flow an d complete the circuit, allowing the bulb to light up. In order to use solar power predominantly, however – whether it is in a household or a whole country – it must be continually present. In many parts of the world, it is not so; cloudy weather is fairly common in most inhabited areas and in some, the sun barely shines. To set aside an area for solar panels alone would disrupt the ecosystem there, as well. In sum, solar energy is easy to harness and extremely available in certain areas, but it can pose difficult challenges at times. Biomass is the energy found in most organic materials. For example, many plants including trees, straw and vegetables carry energy converted from the sun. When plants employ the process of photosynthesis to make their food (CO2 (g) + H20 (l) + energy from the sun– O2 + C6H12O6(s )+ H2O (g)), some of the energy is stored within the plants rather than being given off as heat. It is constantly renewable, as the goal of many living things is to reproduce before expiring. The most common way of using biomass is burning wood and other plants to release thermal and light energy, then in turn using those to power PV cells or thermocouples, which convert thermal energy intoShow MoreRelatedSolar Energy : The Ultimate Renewable Resource Manish Kumar1264 Words  | 6 PagesSOLAR ENERGY IS THE ULTIMATE RENEWABLE RESOURCE                                           Manish Kumar (EE B.Tech)                                                                                                               Universal Institute of Technology, Garhi (Hisar)                                                                                                                manishboora13@gmail.com   Abst ract-The energy availability is essentially needed for all living beings in life .TheRead MoreRenewable And Non Renewable Sources Essay1604 Words  | 7 PagesSimply put, energy is â€Å"a driving force behind all socio-economic activities†(Wesseh, Lin, 2016). Therefore energy is highly demanded and various sources must be used in order to meet the market’s needs. Within energy, there are two categories of sources: renewable and non-renewable. Renewable sources being naturally replenishable in the short term and non-renewable sources being exhaustible (Wesseh, Lin, 2016). Non-renewable energy sources include mainly fossil fuels and renewable energy resourcesRead MoreThe Long Term Effects Of Increasing Demand For Renewable Energy1690 Words  | 7 Pages Renewable Energy Wind, Water, Sun: Energy for the long run Prepared by Mashfik Shamir Midterm Proposal BUS 160W – An Introduction to Business Writing Queens College August 1, 2013 Professor Denise L. Miller Mashfik Shamir 8531 129 Street Richmond Hill, NY 11418 August 1, 2013 Prof. Denise Miller CUNY Queens College 65-30 Kissena Blvd. Flushing, NY 11367 Dear Prof. Miller: I am submitting this proposal to provide some information on the long term effects of increasing demand forRead MoreThe Most Important Aspect Of The Modern World Essay1332 Words  | 6 Pagesaspect of the modern world is the technology that is advancing it. The capabilities of engineers regarding technology that keeps humanity alive or destroy it are the abilities in which engineers can harness and manipulate energy. The energy sources include both renewable and non-renewable resources and are the vital backbones of this modern world. The Industrial Revolution which took place in eighteenth century Great Britain acted as a sort of gateway to the discovery and usage of fossil fuels today (IndustrialRead MoreEnergy Costs687 Words  | 3 PagesEnergy costs There are various energy sources available in the world today. These are either renewable sources or non-renewable sources. Some of the non-renewable sources include coal, oil, and nuclear fuel while renewable resources are solar energy, wind power, biomass, geothermal wave and tidal power, hydropower and so on. Cost-supply and uncertainty are usually quite asymmetric when it comes to the energy industry and any other industry in the world. The paper will look at the future of energyRead MoreRenewable Energy Sources For Fossil Fuels1240 Words  | 5 Pagesorder to provide us energy. Almost everything we use nowadays consumes power in some form, and in tandem we rely on energy. Fossil fuels have become the go to resource for providing power. Fossil fuels include natural resources such as coal, petroleum, and natural gas. These fossil fuels fall under the non-renewable category because they take thousands of years in order to form naturally and cannot be replaced as fast as they ar e being consumed. Another non-renewable energy source is nuclear fuel, whichRead MoreRenewable Energy As A Replacement For Their Energy Needs914 Words  | 4 Pagesfuels for their energy needs. However, the cost associated with fossil fuels is very unstable and has caused many to seek alternative sources. Countless experts think, that alternate source has been realized in the form of renewable energy. These types of energy have shown potential for sustained demands, economic growth, and environmental benefits. Consumers should consider renewable energy as a replacement for their everyday energy needs as they are a better and more beneficial source of power. CurrentlyRead MoreRenewable Fuels And The Energy Issue1583 Words  | 7 PagesInvestigating whether a renewable fuel produces the same level of energy as an equivalent amount of nonrenewable fuel would be beneficial to help save Earth’s natural resources and is a very relevant and important science project. The purpose of this project is to figure out which type of fuels is most efficient. In my science project, I will be burning various types of renewable fuels and non- renewable fuels and comparing the duration that they burn and comparing the temperature that they burnRead MoreThe Future Industry in Energy: Dropping the Concept of Nuclear Energy1209 Words  | 5 PagesThe Future Industry in Energy: Dropping the Concept of Nuclear Energy At the start of the mid 1950’s, the world was introduced to a new, alternative source of power that would revolutionize the energy industry; this power became known as nuclear energy. Since that time, nuclear energy seemed to pave the way in efficiency and supply power to countless cities around the globe. However, the past has shown that there are many major disadvantages to using nuclear energy. Today, many individuals believeRead MoreEnergy Sector Of Sri Lanka1449 Words  | 6 Pages1.0 Introduction Energy is one of the major inputs of an economy. It directly affects development of human beings and society. Therefore, safeguarding a cheap and stable supply of energy is one of the main objectives of any country. However, increasing world population, high global energy consumption and depletion of global resources has challenged this objective resulting energy as one of the main concerns today’s world. Accordingly, this report focuses on analysing various issues faced by different
Monday, December 23, 2019
The Genre Of Oliver Twist - 931 Words
Cameron Young 3rd English Oliver Twist Charles Dickens, Published in 1838 Genre †¢ The genre of Oliver Twist is coming-of-age Characteristics of the genre met †¢ Coming-of-age is simply the aging of the protagonist, usually going from childhood to adulthood, so the book meets the characteristic of this genre. Characteristics of the genre not met †¢ The only characteristic is showing the increase in age of the protagonist, so this book meets all the characteristics. Setting †¢ The setting is in the England, Europe, near London. The tone of the story is very ironic because of the remarks made by the characters. Major Characters †¢ Oliver Twist- Oliver is a little blonde kid. He is a kind, and he is shown growing up and maturing. He is†¦show more content†¦Their caretaker, Fagin, turns out to be an evil man who trains kids to go around and pick-pocket strangers. Oliver doesn’t realize this until he is out with the Dodger and he steals a handkerchief from an older looking man. The man then turns around and believes that the thief is Oliver, and confronts him by taking him down in the street. He realizes that Oliver didn’t do it, and that he looks unhealthy. He then takes Oliver home to care for him until he recovers. The man who took care of Oliver, Mr. Brownlow, entrusts Oliver with some money to run some errands. Oliver is unfortunately confronted by Fagin and his crew, and they jump him and steal his money. Fagin then takes Oliver to an old house and holds him captive. Not long after this, Fagin forces Oliver to help some thieves rob a house. Once there, Oliver is caught inside, and he is shot. The family then intakes Oliver, and they become his caretakers. While with his new caretakers, he learns how to read and write, and finds out that he lives very close to Mr. Brownlow. While Oliver is safe with his caretakers, Fagin and his gang are still searching for Oliver. Monk and Fagin devise a plan to find Oliver and kill him, before he tells the police that they are criminals. Mr. Brownlow eventually finds Monks, and remembers that he and Monks’ father were pals, and that he knew Monks. It is learned that Monk is Oliver’s older brother, and is trying to kill him to gain the familyShow MoreRelatedThe Upbringing Of Orphans By Charles Dickens And Jane Eyre1714 Words  | 7 Pagestoday impact the lives of many, and leads readers to wonder about the injustices of the conditions of the orphans. The novels Oliver Twist by Charles Dickens 1838 and Jane Eyre by Charlotte Bronte 1847 depicted much of the 19th century working class and illustrated the t reatment of orphans with different socio-economic perspectives. The role of the two orphans in the novels (Oliver and Jane) leads the reader through a maze of experiences, encountering life s threats and grasping its opportunities. TheRead More The Fiction and Journalism of Charles Dickens4554 Words  | 19 Pagesthe authors themes as common to his novels. Certainly, Dickens addresses his fascination with the criminal underground, his sympathy for the poor, especially children, and his interest in the penal system in both his novels and his essays.  The two genres allow the author to address these matters with different approaches, though with similar ends in mind. Two key differences exist, however, between the authors novels and his journalism.  First, humor, which is an essential element if many ofRead MoreEssay On Oliver Twist2076 Words  | 9 Pages Oliver Twist Charles Dickens Honors English 10 Ms. Salsbury Ethan Wigal October 6, 2017 Charles Dickens is a famous British author known for writing many classics. He was born on February 7, 1812, in Portsmouth, England. Born to John Dickens and Elizabeth Barrow, Charles was the second child of eight. He grew up poor, eventually dropping out of school to bring in more money for his family. Dickens worked as an office boy, which helped to start his writing career. In 1836, he finallyRead MoreI have always been a reader; even though I read books mainly written in my native language, I still1100 Words  | 5 Pagesvery popular and they always found in every classroom shelves. Charles Dickens is the most famous author in the Victorian period. His first novels is the Pickwick papers which published in 1836, some of his other amazing and important works are Oliver twist and bleak house. He was well known for his outstanding and unique characters, writing style and his ability to draw the real picture of the different social classes that lived through the Victorian period. So many Writers such as Lewis CarrollRead MorePsychological Thriller Media Studies1263 Words  | 6 Pages I chose to pick a genre, and I chose to do psychological thrillers. What are psychological thrillers? A psychological thriller is a subgenre of horror and thriller fiction that relies on characters fears and emotional instability to build tension. However, this genre often incorporates elements from the mystery and drama genre in addition to they typical traits of the thriller genre. ALso. occasionally this genre will border into the, also wide-ranfing, horror genre. The elements of psychologicalRead MoreCrime And Criminality In Charles Dickenss Great Expectations1752 Words  | 8 Pagesproblem and people are caged to a life of delinquency from an early age, dependent on their social class and upbringing. Novels regarding these themes of crime and criminality flourished in the Victorian period with the invention of the crime fiction genre and hereafter, Victorians became infatuated with the notion of â€Å"crime and its detection; criminals and their motives behind it; victims an d their predicament; investigation and its outcome†, therefore crime and criminality was important in many worksRead MoreIs The Bible True?1528 Words  | 7 Pagestrue. The first point is; if the Bible is true then what it means is true, and what it means is shaped by the genres in which it is written. The next secondary truth is; if we trust the Bible as truth then we must accept it as a guide for our lives and for our faith. As a guide for our lives it should shape our understanding of the world and our role in the world. He explains how the genre changes the way you view or read something. You would not read a non- fictional work of literature with the sameRead MoreLiterature Of Prison Literature1024 Words  | 5 PagesPrison literature, epitomized as a thriving literary genre, is identified as literature which is penned while the author is unwillingly kept in a location, such as a penitentiary, jail, detention center, correctional facility, house arrest or in solitar y confinement. The literature produced by writers during or after their incarceration can be about prison as place of Romantic solitude and the prison as brutal, inhuman institution. This can be illustrated in a number of forms including epistle, autobiographyRead MoreAnalysis Of The Poem Southern Gothic 1566 Words  | 7 PagesDevan Gilbert Mrs. Myszkowski English 1102 17 April 2016 Southern Gothic Literature In the 19th century, the Southern Gothic genre quickly became popular after Edgar Allen Poe poems in the 18th century. Most writings were formed around the Civil War era, which plays an enormous part in the tone and setting in Southern Gothic writing styles. (O’Connell 63) Southern Gothic writing elements consist of â€Å"horror, romance and psychological and domestic dramas†(63). The setting of Southern Gothic was alwaysRead MoreAnalysis of Natural Born Killers Essay989 Words  | 4 PagesAnalysis of Natural Born Killers Natural born killers is a violent film with a twist. It provides humor and violence and cartoons in parts of the film. I think that Natural born killers is a bad film because a lot of the time you don’t know what is going on and it is a film that you have to watch without any distractions, also it makes out that violence is funny by using cartoons and other surrealistic parts. The film is also bad because it can influence dominant and
Saturday, December 14, 2019
Bilingual programs and language interventions the challenges Free Essays
INTRODUCTION: A large problem with bilingual education programs is they simply do not work. Most do not take into account the social and cultural factors the weigh heavily on being able to learn a second language (Berry and Williams, 2004). There is too much variability in the programs to be effective. We will write a custom essay sample on Bilingual programs and language interventions: the challenges or any similar topic only for you Order Now The earlier the intervention takes place the more likely, the program will work. The goal is to develop a more uniform early grade intervention. Children are more likely to learn more languages as their cognitive functions are still in their primitive development stages and are therefore able to pick more information than an adult mind. The capacity to learn new words is higher in a child than in an adult (Franquiz, 1998). Therefore, any linguistic programs that are introduced in the early ages are more likely to succeed. Why Problem Exists There is a large discrepancy in the number and quality of English acquisition programs in the United States. Many teachers in these areas are not properly qualified and there are little resources available to them in this area. Teacher and peer interaction is vital in the development of English for both native and non-native English learners (Haworth et al, 2006). The lack of knowledge of English language is not only present in the foreign students or children with different mother tongue, but has also been seen in children of English speaking families. The lack of vocabulary is the single determinant cause of poor language development that can take place in any child. The lack of vocabulary may make it difficult for these children in language or knowledge acquisition.(Silverman, 2007) Children who are not used to story reading, read alouds, and good instructions on use of words are likely to suffer from poor language skills. Experiments have shown that good vocabularies improve language with almost equal speed in English speakers and non speakers alike. (Silverman, 2007) The role of teachers and their characteristics seem to have an important bearing on the quality of teaching that they possess. Many studies now prove the positive outcomes of a good teacher on a child. These positive outcomes are independent of the social or the home background the child may have(Franquiz, 1998). While in the past these studies were limited to other subjects, there are researches that have shown a somewhat similar outcome in language teachers as well. A good teacher is seen to improve the outcomes of children regarding the different language tasks such as phonation, letter and word use, grammar and composition etc. (Cirino et al, 2007) Many countries in the world look towards English speaking countries as the best places for education. Along side studies in these countries help in improving the proficiency of English language among these people, which in turn can help them advance in their professions. While this dream may be the best intentions of a parent, they are not ideal in nature. There seems to be a stigma placed on bilingualism and biculturalism. Children of different cultures when exposed to an English speaking environment may feel out of place to their social and cultural norms.  This can directly effect how a student performs in the classroom. The research carried out by Barry and Williams was aimed to identify the problems that many Hong Kong children face when they are exposed to international English speaking environments. The students surveyed outlined many issues that cause problems in the language learning. These included linguistic problems such as listening, speaking, writing, vocabulary and reading. Such children were in the listening end to understand what others were saying. (Berry and Williams, 2004) Many teachers need to know the benefits of having a bilingual classroom and the how to better support their students (Macrory, 2006). This lack of quality programs, ill prepared informed teachers, and high variability between programs produces very poor results by the students. Some studies show that almost a quarter of students in bilingual education do not become bilingual (Pearson, 2006). The goal of this intervention is to provide a more effective program for bilingual students. More so, interventions require teachers who are proficient in teaching children English and other languages properly (Ng, E.,1999). Language acquisition is an innate quality of an individual, and is an individual capacity of each human mind to learn it. There are many factors that govern the ability to learn a language. Apart from the innate ability of an individual to do so, metalinguistics, consciousness, teaching methods at school and acquisition of written system of language are also important deciding factors in the language learning.(Collier, 1995) Also of help in this area are issues such as phonology, vocabulary, the grammar, meaning and discourse etc. The acquisition of a second language is therefore a high thought process that requires a positive and continued quality feedback in order to be successfully learned. (Collier, 1995) The concept of provision of meaningful education among the children is an important concern for the educational boards. Yet the proper education teaching practices remain unknown. There are many reasons why these policies have been unsuccessful (Tencer Garrity, T. L. 2003). The first and the foremost problem was failing to identify language as part of the social context and social issues and that English may not be the mother tongue of many children.(Collier, 1995) Intervention The intervention will focus on trying to improve English ability at a young age. The goal is to try to increase the English ability of the students quickly and effectively. Research has shown that students learn faster in single language classrooms (Pà ¡ez, Tabors, and Lopez, 2007). For the purpose of this intervention, the classrooms will then be monolingual. The students will be taught all week in almost all Spanish. The intervention will be a daily English vocabulary lesson. They will lean the pronunciation, spelling, and meaning a few new English words every day. Since they will have a frame of reference since knowing the vocabulary in Spanish, they will be better able to process this information. A study by Silverman showed that English learner children can learn English at a similar if not faster rate than native English speakers. This intervention should be effective(Franquiz, 1998). Testing †¢ The intervention will tested on if the English ability of the students improved after the intervention. †¢ To do this the students will be given an English vocabulary pre and posttest. †¢ This will take part in three classroom at three schools †¢ The SES of each class and school will be roughly the same †¢ There will be two English learner groups and one Native speaker group †¢ Quasi experimental since you cannot control for a some variables such as some children being more familiar with English than other. †¢ The measure will test how much vocabulary the children in the program were able to learn. †¢ To be effective the English learner children should have learned the vocabulary at a similar rate as the native English speakers. DISCUSSION: These interventions in many ways depict the conceptual models that were introduced in the past, which comprised of essentially four components. Language in the past was not recognized as part of the cultural and social practices (Ng, E.,1999). This misidentification has led to the apparent failure of the language acquisition and language teaching procedures. According to Collier (1995), the acquisition and learning of a second knowledge is based on socio-cultural, linguistic, academic and cognitive processes, which in turn may be different for different children. These factors are so interdependent that examining one with out the influence of the other is impossible. (Collier, 1995) The sociocultural facet of language acquisition is in many ways similar yet dissimilar to the social factors of the society. Each individual has exposure to different societal influences, and thereby may have variable exposure to a certain language (Berry and Williams, 2004). In a class room environment, these exposures can lead to increase in confidence or increase in anxiety in the language development (Tencer Garrity, T. L. 2003). While those exposed to a certain language may feel at home with their own language studies and may perform well, others may feel anxiety and may not respond to it at all. The society’s pretext and manner towards the minority also causes many effects on the individual’s performance, for discrimination and prejudice may cause negative outcomes within an individual about his or her identity. It is in this context hypothesized that the introduction of positive environments may help in achieving results sooner, and thereby improves outcomes in language acquisition. (Collier, 1995) Language learning can also lead to affective problems in learning. These affective problems include lingual affective problems and social cultural affective problems as mentioned above. The confidence levels may not be very high in such cases, and this can affect their progress in their studies.(Berry and Williams, 2004) The role of a teacher under such circumstances becomes impirical, as it is them who will help build up the confidence of the children from different social and cultural backgrounds. (Berry and Williams, 2004) Language learning therefore is the method where proper learning also requires understanding and â€Å"learning†the culture of the language. If a person is to achieve bilingual competency, he or she must be able to carry out three processes. He or she must first learn the controls of linguistic rules of both languages. He or she must be able to encompass new cognitive dimensions associated with language. Finally he or she must be able to achieve the mental functions that are necessary for language acquisition. (Haworth et al, 2006) Yet simply labeling the mental faculties and predisposition towards learning languages and not considering the conscious efforts in learning it is not possible. It is through this manner that a teacher is able to confer this knowledge to his or her students. The teacher systematically helps a child in learning new methods of vocabulary and sentence learning, and thereby helps him or her in creating the foundations of the new language (Wright, S. C., Bougie, É., 2007). Interventions such as those mentioned above can help in creating better bilingual students who are at ease in their social and cultural environments. The teachers play an important role in helping foreign students get over their anxiety of discrimination and difficulty in fitting in to a new society (Wright, S. C., Bougie, É., 2007). Interventions at an early stage provide better results than those that are carried out at later stages. Understanding that culture and society are important factors in the acquisition of new language can help in improving the outcomes in students. References Berry, R. S. Y., Williams, M. (2004). In at the deep end: Difficulties experienced by Hong Kong Chinese ESL learners at an independent school in the United Kingdom. Journal of Language and Social Psychology, 23(1), 118-134. Paul T Cirino, Sharolyn D Pollard-Durodola, Barbara R. Foorman, Coleen D Carlson and David J Francis, 2007. Teacher Characteristics, Class Room Instruction, and Student Literacy and Language Outcomes in Bilingual Kindergartners. The Elementary School Journal, VOl 107 No. 4, 2007 Virginia P Collier, 1995. Acquiring a Second Language for School. Directions in Language and Education. National Clearinghouse for Bilingual Education. Vol 1 No. 4 fall 1995 Haworth, P., Cullen, J., Simmons, H., Schimanski, L., McGarva, P., Woodhead, E. (2006). The role of acquisition and learning in young children’s bilingual development: A sociocultural interpretation. International Journal of Bilingual Education and Bilingualism, 9(3), 295-309. Macrory, G. (2006). Bilingual language development: What do early years practitioners need to know? Early Years An International Journal of Research and Development, 26(2), 159-169. Pà ¡ez, M. M., Tabors, P. O., Là ³pez, L. M. (2007). Dual language and literacy development of Spanish-speaking preschool children. Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology, 28(2), 85-102. Pearson, B. Z. (2007). Social factors in childhood bilingualism in the United States. Applied Psycholinguistics, 28(3), 399-410. Silverman, R. D. (2007). Vocabulary development of English-language and English-only learners in kindergarten. The Elementary School Journal, 107(4), 365-383 Franquiz, M. I. (1998). The effects of bilingual education on academic achievement, language development, and self-esteem of hispanic children. US: ProQuest Information Learning. Ng, E. (1999). The impact of heritage education on self-esteem and ethnic identity. US: ProQuest Information Learning. Tencer Garrity, T. L. (2003). An investigation of the relationship between acculturation and academic performance, self-esteem, and ethnic identity with mexican-american children. US: ProQuest Information Learning. Wright, S. C., Bougie, É. (2007). Intergroup contact and minority-language education: Reducing language-based discrimination and its negative impact. Journal of Language and Social Psychology, 26(2), 157-181.  How to cite Bilingual programs and language interventions: the challenges, Essay examples
Friday, December 6, 2019
Inquiry in Health Care Translational Psychiatry
Question: Discuss about theInquiry in Health Carefor Translational Psychiatry. Answer: Introduction The report is based on the scenario of Mariana, a single mother studying as a science student in the Australian University. She has a 18 months old daughter who suffers from asthma and hence she is worried that she might not able to interact with other students as her she has additional responsibilities in life. Mariana also suffers from health issues like diabetes and rare blood disorder which had made her very depressed in life. Based on this scenario, the report will critically analyze two research articles to determine which paper provides strongest evidence to reduce stress in Mariana. Critical Appraisal Paper 1 The first paper by von Haaren, et al., (2015) is a randomized controlled trials study to determine the impact of 20-week aerobic exercise on reducing emotional stress reactivity in real life. On the S5 level of evidence heirarchy, this research article comes under unfiltered piece of information and according to S6 evidence hierarchy, it come under the lowest level of studies as it is an article published in psychology of sport and exercise journal (Dicenso et al., 2016). Randomized controlled trial comes under level II of NHMRC level of evidence (NHMRC, 2009). and the research study is an experimental study according to JBI level of evidence (The JBI Approach | JBI, 2016). The introduction part of the research article clearly highlights the purpose of the study by stating that daily life stressors have impact on physical and emotional functioning of the people. The researcher stated that impact of physical exercise on reducing stress has so far been explained by stress-buffer hypothesis which means physical exercise acts as a moderator in reducing stress (von Haaren, et al., 2015). The purpose of study became important when the researcher highlighted the scope of problem by stating that so far studies have only focused on laboratory based task however real time assessment has not been done to determine the benefits of aerobic exercise on reducing stress (Grove et al., 2012).The research was carried out with 61 engineering students who were randomly assigned to a control group and aerobic exercise group. Their physical activity level was assessed by questionnaires and the cardiopulmonary exercise was done before the intervention. Experimental groups rec eived 20 week aerobic training and the outcome was evaluated by parameters like maximum oxygen consumption, maximum running speed, lactate threshold and anaerobic threshold. The success of aerobic exercise intervention was determined using the analysis of covariance after intervention. The findings of the result showed that lower emotional stress reactivity was found in intervention group compared to control groups after 20 week aerobic training programme (von Haaren, et al., 2015). The strength of the study is that the results are consistent throughout the article and it is also found consistent with other studies. Silveira et al., (2013) also studied about the impact of exercise on stress and it favoured the effect of exercise intervention on reducing the symptoms of depression. Hence, the research provided solution to the problem of dealing with daily life stress and recommending people with mild and moderate depression to feel motivated in life after incorporation of physical activity in daily life. The weakness of the study is that the research has not considered other factors that can have impact on stress response. Secondly, the study has been done only on same age group students and to determine the application of intervention, it is necessary to consider the effects on other age group of population too. As Mariana also suffers from depression and incorporating physical exercise intervention may help her enhance her motivations in life and reduce stress (von Haaren, et al., 2015). Critical Appraisal Paper 2 The second paper by Kim et al., (2013) investigates the effect of Kouk Sun, mind body exercise to improve respose to stress and reduce symptoms. The research design consisted of a a pilot study where university students with anxiety symptoms were randomly assigned to treatment group and control group. This form of pilot study comes under under unfiltered informantive evidence according to S5 evidence of heirarchy and original article published in journal according to 6S heirarchy of preappraised evidence (Dicenso et al., 2016).The NHMRC level of evidence classifies such study under the level III-2 evidence and and in top level of experimental studies according to JBI level of evidence (The JBI Approach | JBI, 2016). Kouk Sun Do (KSD) is a traditional mind-body based exercise practiced in Korea and the researchers main objective was to determine the effect of this meditative exercise, as the efficacy of this method has not been evaluated scientifically by researchers (Llapa Rodrigue et al., 2015). The purpose of the research became evident after the report that meditation and mindfulness has significant therapeutic effects on medical and psychiatric condition (van der Zwan et al., 2015). Within this context, yoga and Qigong exercise technique has been considered to foster stress tolerance after synchronizing breathing patterns. However, the researcher proposal of Kouk Sun Do, as an exercise programme to reduce stress is commendable because it consists of combination of all types of meditative exercise. Firstly, it consists of warm-up exercise and then meditative exercise with short postures and then followed by cool down exercise. Hence the research became significant in the absence of little emp irical evidence on psychotherapeutic impact of KSD intervention. The research was carried out with university student with anxiety symptoms, out of which 18 students were provided KSD intervention and the rest were in the control group. Both groups completed pre-test and post-test. The intervention group was given 70 minute KSD sessions three times per week for a period of four weeks and the outcome were assessed by parameters like depressive symptoms, self-efficacy and coping skills. The benefits of the session were analyzed using open-ended questionnaires and the data was analyzed using the repeated measure analysis of variance. The results findings showed that depressive symptoms in treatment group improved compared to control group with time (Kim et al., 2013). The findings of the research are also supported by (Alderman et al., 2016) who highlighted that mental and physical training is a significant intervention that increases the neurogenesis on the adult brain. After 8 weeks of intervention, neural responses enhanced in participants and hen ce it proved that combining the effects of meditation and exercise can help in eliminating ruminating thoughts and coping with depression. The strength of study is that it helped in identification of the benefits of KSD combining physical exercise and meditation to enhance relaxation and reduce anxiety symptoms. It also helped in analyzing the effects of time and characteristic of people to determine the effect of KSD intervention. One weakness of the study was that since the effects of the study was studied with a very small size of sample, it is necessary that research is done with greater sample to make the intervention more reliable and useful for future intervention. However, the research was effective in providing an alternative approach to self-healing without the need for medical intervention. The intervention can also have great implication to reduce stress in Marianas life without the need of expenditure on medical expense. Justification for Best Evidence According to Scenario Since Mariana is a single mother and has little social support from family, it is necessary to provide an intervention that she can easily follow without compromising her priorities in life. Keeping this view in mind, it can be said that the second article on KSD intervention is the best treatment procedure to reduce stress in Marian compared to the intervention on aerobic exercise provided the first article. Kouk Sun Do is a combination of meditative and physical exercise and there is also many literature that supports the fact that mind-body exercise increases coping skills in people with depression. Lin et al., (2014) supports the effect of aerobic exercise and mind-body exercise in improvement in cognitive function and psychotic symptoms in people. The researcher suggested that mental stress is associated with impairment in attention and memory and it can also lead to other severe functional impairments. It also investigated the neuro-mechanism associated with stress. Similar to the research by Kim et al., (2013), Lin et al., (2014).) also assessed the paramenters of congitive function, fitness level and quality of life before and after intervention. The results showed that combination of mediation and physical exercise lead to significan improvement in memory and enhanced attention in particpants and reduced stress in participants. Hence, with support from this finding, it can be said that KSD intervention can also be recommended to Mariana to enhance her quality of life and reduce depressive symptoms. Conclusion The reported was based on identifying the best evidence to improve stress symptoms and mood improvement in Mariana, a single mother with depressive symptoms. The critical appraisal of article explained the influence of AET and KDS intervention on reducing stress in patient with depressive symptoms. Comparison with other existing literature revealed that second article is most effective in improving neural response and reducing stress in patients. Hence, KSD intervention was regarded as a better intervention to reduce stress in Marianas life. Reference Alderman, B. L., Olson, R. L., Brush, C. J., Shors, T. J. (2016). MAP training: combining meditation and aerobic exercise reduces depression and rumination while enhancing synchronized brain activity.Translational psychiatry,6(2), e726. Dicenso, A., Bayley, L., Haynes, R.B. (2016).Accessing pre-appraised evidence: fine-tuning the 5S model into a 6S model. - PubMed - NCBI.Ncbi.nlm.nih.gov. Retrieved 21 October 2016, from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19779069 Grove, S. K., Burns, N., Gray, J. (2012).The practice of nursing research: Appraisal, synthesis, and generation of evidence. Elsevier Health Sciences. Kim, J., Yang, H., Schroeppel, S. (2013). A pilot study examining the effects of kouk sun do on university students with anxiety symptoms: The effects of kouk sun do on mental health.Stress and Health,29(2), 99-107. doi:10.1002/smi.2431 Lin, J. X., Lee, E. H. M., Chan, S. K. W., Chang, W. C., Su, W., Khong, P. L., ... Honer, W. G. (2014). Aerobic Exercise and Mind-body Exercise (Yoga): neurocognitive and Clinical Effects of a Novel Treatment. Llapa Rodriguez, E. O., da Silva, G. G., Neto, D., Lisboa, C. F. (2015). The use of integrative and complementary practices in the treatment of occupational stress: an integrative review.Enfermera Global, (39), 316. National Health and Medical Research Council [NHMRC]. (2009). NHMRC additional levels of evidence and grades for recommendation for developers of guidelines. Silveira, H., Moraes, H., Oliveira, N., Coutinho, E. S. F., Laks, J., Deslandes, A. (2013). Physical exercise and clinically depressed patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Neuropsychobiology,67(2), 61-68. The JBI Approach | JBI. (2016).Joannabriggs.org. Retrieved 21 October 2016, from https://joannabriggs.org/jbi-approach.html van der Zwan, J. E., de Vente, W., Huizink, A. C., Bgels, S. M., de Bruin, E. I. (2015). Physical activity, mindfulness meditation, or heart rate variability biofeedback for stress reduction: a randomized controlled trial.Applied psychophysiology and biofeedback,40(4), 257-268. von Haaren, B., Haertel, S., Stumpp, J., Hey, S., Ebner-Priemer, U. (2015). Reduced emotional stress reactivity to a real-life academic examination stressor in students participating in a 20-week aerobic exercise training: A randomised controlled trial using ambulatory assessment.Psychology of Sport and Exercise,20, 67-75. doi:10.1016/j.psychsport.2015.04.004
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