Tuesday, December 31, 2019
Essay The Various Renewable and Non- Renewable Energy Sources
Electricity is a vital service a majority of the world uses on a daily basis. If it were to be depleted, many of us would not know what to do. Thankfully, however, not all sources of energy are non-renewable (although the renewable sources do have their downsides). Some sources are more prevalent in certain areas, while they may be extremely scarce in others; on the contrary, some sources are found all over the world, but only in trace amounts. The world around us uses many different types of electrical energy and a variety of sources from which that energy may be extracted. Solar power, biomass, wind, oil, gas and coal energy all have their positive and negative effects on the environment, animals and human beings. Without them, the†¦show more content†¦Transistors act as switches or amplifiers in an electrical appliance through the use of small-voltage-directed currents. Once the photo-resistor detects no light reaching the solar panel, it will allow the current to flow an d complete the circuit, allowing the bulb to light up. In order to use solar power predominantly, however – whether it is in a household or a whole country – it must be continually present. In many parts of the world, it is not so; cloudy weather is fairly common in most inhabited areas and in some, the sun barely shines. To set aside an area for solar panels alone would disrupt the ecosystem there, as well. In sum, solar energy is easy to harness and extremely available in certain areas, but it can pose difficult challenges at times. Biomass is the energy found in most organic materials. For example, many plants including trees, straw and vegetables carry energy converted from the sun. When plants employ the process of photosynthesis to make their food (CO2 (g) + H20 (l) + energy from the sun– O2 + C6H12O6(s )+ H2O (g)), some of the energy is stored within the plants rather than being given off as heat. It is constantly renewable, as the goal of many living things is to reproduce before expiring. The most common way of using biomass is burning wood and other plants to release thermal and light energy, then in turn using those to power PV cells or thermocouples, which convert thermal energy intoShow MoreRelatedSolar Energy : The Ultimate Renewable Resource Manish Kumar1264 Words  | 6 PagesSOLAR ENERGY IS THE ULTIMATE RENEWABLE RESOURCE                                           Manish Kumar (EE B.Tech)                                                                                                               Universal Institute of Technology, Garhi (Hisar)                                                                                                                manishboora13@gmail.com   Abst ract-The energy availability is essentially needed for all living beings in life .TheRead MoreRenewable And Non Renewable Sources Essay1604 Words  | 7 PagesSimply put, energy is â€Å"a driving force behind all socio-economic activities†(Wesseh, Lin, 2016). Therefore energy is highly demanded and various sources must be used in order to meet the market’s needs. Within energy, there are two categories of sources: renewable and non-renewable. Renewable sources being naturally replenishable in the short term and non-renewable sources being exhaustible (Wesseh, Lin, 2016). Non-renewable energy sources include mainly fossil fuels and renewable energy resourcesRead MoreThe Long Term Effects Of Increasing Demand For Renewable Energy1690 Words  | 7 Pages Renewable Energy Wind, Water, Sun: Energy for the long run Prepared by Mashfik Shamir Midterm Proposal BUS 160W – An Introduction to Business Writing Queens College August 1, 2013 Professor Denise L. Miller Mashfik Shamir 8531 129 Street Richmond Hill, NY 11418 August 1, 2013 Prof. Denise Miller CUNY Queens College 65-30 Kissena Blvd. Flushing, NY 11367 Dear Prof. Miller: I am submitting this proposal to provide some information on the long term effects of increasing demand forRead MoreThe Most Important Aspect Of The Modern World Essay1332 Words  | 6 Pagesaspect of the modern world is the technology that is advancing it. The capabilities of engineers regarding technology that keeps humanity alive or destroy it are the abilities in which engineers can harness and manipulate energy. The energy sources include both renewable and non-renewable resources and are the vital backbones of this modern world. The Industrial Revolution which took place in eighteenth century Great Britain acted as a sort of gateway to the discovery and usage of fossil fuels today (IndustrialRead MoreEnergy Costs687 Words  | 3 PagesEnergy costs There are various energy sources available in the world today. These are either renewable sources or non-renewable sources. Some of the non-renewable sources include coal, oil, and nuclear fuel while renewable resources are solar energy, wind power, biomass, geothermal wave and tidal power, hydropower and so on. Cost-supply and uncertainty are usually quite asymmetric when it comes to the energy industry and any other industry in the world. The paper will look at the future of energyRead MoreRenewable Energy Sources For Fossil Fuels1240 Words  | 5 Pagesorder to provide us energy. Almost everything we use nowadays consumes power in some form, and in tandem we rely on energy. Fossil fuels have become the go to resource for providing power. Fossil fuels include natural resources such as coal, petroleum, and natural gas. These fossil fuels fall under the non-renewable category because they take thousands of years in order to form naturally and cannot be replaced as fast as they ar e being consumed. Another non-renewable energy source is nuclear fuel, whichRead MoreRenewable Energy As A Replacement For Their Energy Needs914 Words  | 4 Pagesfuels for their energy needs. However, the cost associated with fossil fuels is very unstable and has caused many to seek alternative sources. Countless experts think, that alternate source has been realized in the form of renewable energy. These types of energy have shown potential for sustained demands, economic growth, and environmental benefits. Consumers should consider renewable energy as a replacement for their everyday energy needs as they are a better and more beneficial source of power. CurrentlyRead MoreRenewable Fuels And The Energy Issue1583 Words  | 7 PagesInvestigating whether a renewable fuel produces the same level of energy as an equivalent amount of nonrenewable fuel would be beneficial to help save Earth’s natural resources and is a very relevant and important science project. The purpose of this project is to figure out which type of fuels is most efficient. In my science project, I will be burning various types of renewable fuels and non- renewable fuels and comparing the duration that they burn and comparing the temperature that they burnRead MoreThe Future Industry in Energy: Dropping the Concept of Nuclear Energy1209 Words  | 5 PagesThe Future Industry in Energy: Dropping the Concept of Nuclear Energy At the start of the mid 1950’s, the world was introduced to a new, alternative source of power that would revolutionize the energy industry; this power became known as nuclear energy. Since that time, nuclear energy seemed to pave the way in efficiency and supply power to countless cities around the globe. However, the past has shown that there are many major disadvantages to using nuclear energy. Today, many individuals believeRead MoreEnergy Sector Of Sri Lanka1449 Words  | 6 Pages1.0 Introduction Energy is one of the major inputs of an economy. It directly affects development of human beings and society. Therefore, safeguarding a cheap and stable supply of energy is one of the main objectives of any country. However, increasing world population, high global energy consumption and depletion of global resources has challenged this objective resulting energy as one of the main concerns today’s world. Accordingly, this report focuses on analysing various issues faced by different
Monday, December 23, 2019
The Genre Of Oliver Twist - 931 Words
Cameron Young 3rd English Oliver Twist Charles Dickens, Published in 1838 Genre †¢ The genre of Oliver Twist is coming-of-age Characteristics of the genre met †¢ Coming-of-age is simply the aging of the protagonist, usually going from childhood to adulthood, so the book meets the characteristic of this genre. Characteristics of the genre not met †¢ The only characteristic is showing the increase in age of the protagonist, so this book meets all the characteristics. Setting †¢ The setting is in the England, Europe, near London. The tone of the story is very ironic because of the remarks made by the characters. Major Characters †¢ Oliver Twist- Oliver is a little blonde kid. He is a kind, and he is shown growing up and maturing. He is†¦show more content†¦Their caretaker, Fagin, turns out to be an evil man who trains kids to go around and pick-pocket strangers. Oliver doesn’t realize this until he is out with the Dodger and he steals a handkerchief from an older looking man. The man then turns around and believes that the thief is Oliver, and confronts him by taking him down in the street. He realizes that Oliver didn’t do it, and that he looks unhealthy. He then takes Oliver home to care for him until he recovers. The man who took care of Oliver, Mr. Brownlow, entrusts Oliver with some money to run some errands. Oliver is unfortunately confronted by Fagin and his crew, and they jump him and steal his money. Fagin then takes Oliver to an old house and holds him captive. Not long after this, Fagin forces Oliver to help some thieves rob a house. Once there, Oliver is caught inside, and he is shot. The family then intakes Oliver, and they become his caretakers. While with his new caretakers, he learns how to read and write, and finds out that he lives very close to Mr. Brownlow. While Oliver is safe with his caretakers, Fagin and his gang are still searching for Oliver. Monk and Fagin devise a plan to find Oliver and kill him, before he tells the police that they are criminals. Mr. Brownlow eventually finds Monks, and remembers that he and Monks’ father were pals, and that he knew Monks. It is learned that Monk is Oliver’s older brother, and is trying to kill him to gain the familyShow MoreRelatedThe Upbringing Of Orphans By Charles Dickens And Jane Eyre1714 Words  | 7 Pagestoday impact the lives of many, and leads readers to wonder about the injustices of the conditions of the orphans. The novels Oliver Twist by Charles Dickens 1838 and Jane Eyre by Charlotte Bronte 1847 depicted much of the 19th century working class and illustrated the t reatment of orphans with different socio-economic perspectives. The role of the two orphans in the novels (Oliver and Jane) leads the reader through a maze of experiences, encountering life s threats and grasping its opportunities. TheRead More The Fiction and Journalism of Charles Dickens4554 Words  | 19 Pagesthe authors themes as common to his novels. Certainly, Dickens addresses his fascination with the criminal underground, his sympathy for the poor, especially children, and his interest in the penal system in both his novels and his essays.  The two genres allow the author to address these matters with different approaches, though with similar ends in mind. Two key differences exist, however, between the authors novels and his journalism.  First, humor, which is an essential element if many ofRead MoreEssay On Oliver Twist2076 Words  | 9 Pages Oliver Twist Charles Dickens Honors English 10 Ms. Salsbury Ethan Wigal October 6, 2017 Charles Dickens is a famous British author known for writing many classics. He was born on February 7, 1812, in Portsmouth, England. Born to John Dickens and Elizabeth Barrow, Charles was the second child of eight. He grew up poor, eventually dropping out of school to bring in more money for his family. Dickens worked as an office boy, which helped to start his writing career. In 1836, he finallyRead MoreI have always been a reader; even though I read books mainly written in my native language, I still1100 Words  | 5 Pagesvery popular and they always found in every classroom shelves. Charles Dickens is the most famous author in the Victorian period. His first novels is the Pickwick papers which published in 1836, some of his other amazing and important works are Oliver twist and bleak house. He was well known for his outstanding and unique characters, writing style and his ability to draw the real picture of the different social classes that lived through the Victorian period. So many Writers such as Lewis CarrollRead MorePsychological Thriller Media Studies1263 Words  | 6 Pages I chose to pick a genre, and I chose to do psychological thrillers. What are psychological thrillers? A psychological thriller is a subgenre of horror and thriller fiction that relies on characters fears and emotional instability to build tension. However, this genre often incorporates elements from the mystery and drama genre in addition to they typical traits of the thriller genre. ALso. occasionally this genre will border into the, also wide-ranfing, horror genre. The elements of psychologicalRead MoreCrime And Criminality In Charles Dickenss Great Expectations1752 Words  | 8 Pagesproblem and people are caged to a life of delinquency from an early age, dependent on their social class and upbringing. Novels regarding these themes of crime and criminality flourished in the Victorian period with the invention of the crime fiction genre and hereafter, Victorians became infatuated with the notion of â€Å"crime and its detection; criminals and their motives behind it; victims an d their predicament; investigation and its outcome†, therefore crime and criminality was important in many worksRead MoreIs The Bible True?1528 Words  | 7 Pagestrue. The first point is; if the Bible is true then what it means is true, and what it means is shaped by the genres in which it is written. The next secondary truth is; if we trust the Bible as truth then we must accept it as a guide for our lives and for our faith. As a guide for our lives it should shape our understanding of the world and our role in the world. He explains how the genre changes the way you view or read something. You would not read a non- fictional work of literature with the sameRead MoreLiterature Of Prison Literature1024 Words  | 5 PagesPrison literature, epitomized as a thriving literary genre, is identified as literature which is penned while the author is unwillingly kept in a location, such as a penitentiary, jail, detention center, correctional facility, house arrest or in solitar y confinement. The literature produced by writers during or after their incarceration can be about prison as place of Romantic solitude and the prison as brutal, inhuman institution. This can be illustrated in a number of forms including epistle, autobiographyRead MoreAnalysis Of The Poem Southern Gothic 1566 Words  | 7 PagesDevan Gilbert Mrs. Myszkowski English 1102 17 April 2016 Southern Gothic Literature In the 19th century, the Southern Gothic genre quickly became popular after Edgar Allen Poe poems in the 18th century. Most writings were formed around the Civil War era, which plays an enormous part in the tone and setting in Southern Gothic writing styles. (O’Connell 63) Southern Gothic writing elements consist of â€Å"horror, romance and psychological and domestic dramas†(63). The setting of Southern Gothic was alwaysRead MoreAnalysis of Natural Born Killers Essay989 Words  | 4 PagesAnalysis of Natural Born Killers Natural born killers is a violent film with a twist. It provides humor and violence and cartoons in parts of the film. I think that Natural born killers is a bad film because a lot of the time you don’t know what is going on and it is a film that you have to watch without any distractions, also it makes out that violence is funny by using cartoons and other surrealistic parts. The film is also bad because it can influence dominant and
Saturday, December 14, 2019
Bilingual programs and language interventions the challenges Free Essays
INTRODUCTION: A large problem with bilingual education programs is they simply do not work. Most do not take into account the social and cultural factors the weigh heavily on being able to learn a second language (Berry and Williams, 2004). There is too much variability in the programs to be effective. We will write a custom essay sample on Bilingual programs and language interventions: the challenges or any similar topic only for you Order Now The earlier the intervention takes place the more likely, the program will work. The goal is to develop a more uniform early grade intervention. Children are more likely to learn more languages as their cognitive functions are still in their primitive development stages and are therefore able to pick more information than an adult mind. The capacity to learn new words is higher in a child than in an adult (Franquiz, 1998). Therefore, any linguistic programs that are introduced in the early ages are more likely to succeed. Why Problem Exists There is a large discrepancy in the number and quality of English acquisition programs in the United States. Many teachers in these areas are not properly qualified and there are little resources available to them in this area. Teacher and peer interaction is vital in the development of English for both native and non-native English learners (Haworth et al, 2006). The lack of knowledge of English language is not only present in the foreign students or children with different mother tongue, but has also been seen in children of English speaking families. The lack of vocabulary is the single determinant cause of poor language development that can take place in any child. The lack of vocabulary may make it difficult for these children in language or knowledge acquisition.(Silverman, 2007) Children who are not used to story reading, read alouds, and good instructions on use of words are likely to suffer from poor language skills. Experiments have shown that good vocabularies improve language with almost equal speed in English speakers and non speakers alike. (Silverman, 2007) The role of teachers and their characteristics seem to have an important bearing on the quality of teaching that they possess. Many studies now prove the positive outcomes of a good teacher on a child. These positive outcomes are independent of the social or the home background the child may have(Franquiz, 1998). While in the past these studies were limited to other subjects, there are researches that have shown a somewhat similar outcome in language teachers as well. A good teacher is seen to improve the outcomes of children regarding the different language tasks such as phonation, letter and word use, grammar and composition etc. (Cirino et al, 2007) Many countries in the world look towards English speaking countries as the best places for education. Along side studies in these countries help in improving the proficiency of English language among these people, which in turn can help them advance in their professions. While this dream may be the best intentions of a parent, they are not ideal in nature. There seems to be a stigma placed on bilingualism and biculturalism. Children of different cultures when exposed to an English speaking environment may feel out of place to their social and cultural norms.  This can directly effect how a student performs in the classroom. The research carried out by Barry and Williams was aimed to identify the problems that many Hong Kong children face when they are exposed to international English speaking environments. The students surveyed outlined many issues that cause problems in the language learning. These included linguistic problems such as listening, speaking, writing, vocabulary and reading. Such children were in the listening end to understand what others were saying. (Berry and Williams, 2004) Many teachers need to know the benefits of having a bilingual classroom and the how to better support their students (Macrory, 2006). This lack of quality programs, ill prepared informed teachers, and high variability between programs produces very poor results by the students. Some studies show that almost a quarter of students in bilingual education do not become bilingual (Pearson, 2006). The goal of this intervention is to provide a more effective program for bilingual students. More so, interventions require teachers who are proficient in teaching children English and other languages properly (Ng, E.,1999). Language acquisition is an innate quality of an individual, and is an individual capacity of each human mind to learn it. There are many factors that govern the ability to learn a language. Apart from the innate ability of an individual to do so, metalinguistics, consciousness, teaching methods at school and acquisition of written system of language are also important deciding factors in the language learning.(Collier, 1995) Also of help in this area are issues such as phonology, vocabulary, the grammar, meaning and discourse etc. The acquisition of a second language is therefore a high thought process that requires a positive and continued quality feedback in order to be successfully learned. (Collier, 1995) The concept of provision of meaningful education among the children is an important concern for the educational boards. Yet the proper education teaching practices remain unknown. There are many reasons why these policies have been unsuccessful (Tencer Garrity, T. L. 2003). The first and the foremost problem was failing to identify language as part of the social context and social issues and that English may not be the mother tongue of many children.(Collier, 1995) Intervention The intervention will focus on trying to improve English ability at a young age. The goal is to try to increase the English ability of the students quickly and effectively. Research has shown that students learn faster in single language classrooms (Pà ¡ez, Tabors, and Lopez, 2007). For the purpose of this intervention, the classrooms will then be monolingual. The students will be taught all week in almost all Spanish. The intervention will be a daily English vocabulary lesson. They will lean the pronunciation, spelling, and meaning a few new English words every day. Since they will have a frame of reference since knowing the vocabulary in Spanish, they will be better able to process this information. A study by Silverman showed that English learner children can learn English at a similar if not faster rate than native English speakers. This intervention should be effective(Franquiz, 1998). Testing †¢ The intervention will tested on if the English ability of the students improved after the intervention. †¢ To do this the students will be given an English vocabulary pre and posttest. †¢ This will take part in three classroom at three schools †¢ The SES of each class and school will be roughly the same †¢ There will be two English learner groups and one Native speaker group †¢ Quasi experimental since you cannot control for a some variables such as some children being more familiar with English than other. †¢ The measure will test how much vocabulary the children in the program were able to learn. †¢ To be effective the English learner children should have learned the vocabulary at a similar rate as the native English speakers. DISCUSSION: These interventions in many ways depict the conceptual models that were introduced in the past, which comprised of essentially four components. Language in the past was not recognized as part of the cultural and social practices (Ng, E.,1999). This misidentification has led to the apparent failure of the language acquisition and language teaching procedures. According to Collier (1995), the acquisition and learning of a second knowledge is based on socio-cultural, linguistic, academic and cognitive processes, which in turn may be different for different children. These factors are so interdependent that examining one with out the influence of the other is impossible. (Collier, 1995) The sociocultural facet of language acquisition is in many ways similar yet dissimilar to the social factors of the society. Each individual has exposure to different societal influences, and thereby may have variable exposure to a certain language (Berry and Williams, 2004). In a class room environment, these exposures can lead to increase in confidence or increase in anxiety in the language development (Tencer Garrity, T. L. 2003). While those exposed to a certain language may feel at home with their own language studies and may perform well, others may feel anxiety and may not respond to it at all. The society’s pretext and manner towards the minority also causes many effects on the individual’s performance, for discrimination and prejudice may cause negative outcomes within an individual about his or her identity. It is in this context hypothesized that the introduction of positive environments may help in achieving results sooner, and thereby improves outcomes in language acquisition. (Collier, 1995) Language learning can also lead to affective problems in learning. These affective problems include lingual affective problems and social cultural affective problems as mentioned above. The confidence levels may not be very high in such cases, and this can affect their progress in their studies.(Berry and Williams, 2004) The role of a teacher under such circumstances becomes impirical, as it is them who will help build up the confidence of the children from different social and cultural backgrounds. (Berry and Williams, 2004) Language learning therefore is the method where proper learning also requires understanding and â€Å"learning†the culture of the language. If a person is to achieve bilingual competency, he or she must be able to carry out three processes. He or she must first learn the controls of linguistic rules of both languages. He or she must be able to encompass new cognitive dimensions associated with language. Finally he or she must be able to achieve the mental functions that are necessary for language acquisition. (Haworth et al, 2006) Yet simply labeling the mental faculties and predisposition towards learning languages and not considering the conscious efforts in learning it is not possible. It is through this manner that a teacher is able to confer this knowledge to his or her students. The teacher systematically helps a child in learning new methods of vocabulary and sentence learning, and thereby helps him or her in creating the foundations of the new language (Wright, S. C., Bougie, É., 2007). Interventions such as those mentioned above can help in creating better bilingual students who are at ease in their social and cultural environments. The teachers play an important role in helping foreign students get over their anxiety of discrimination and difficulty in fitting in to a new society (Wright, S. C., Bougie, É., 2007). Interventions at an early stage provide better results than those that are carried out at later stages. Understanding that culture and society are important factors in the acquisition of new language can help in improving the outcomes in students. References Berry, R. S. Y., Williams, M. (2004). In at the deep end: Difficulties experienced by Hong Kong Chinese ESL learners at an independent school in the United Kingdom. Journal of Language and Social Psychology, 23(1), 118-134. Paul T Cirino, Sharolyn D Pollard-Durodola, Barbara R. Foorman, Coleen D Carlson and David J Francis, 2007. Teacher Characteristics, Class Room Instruction, and Student Literacy and Language Outcomes in Bilingual Kindergartners. The Elementary School Journal, VOl 107 No. 4, 2007 Virginia P Collier, 1995. Acquiring a Second Language for School. Directions in Language and Education. National Clearinghouse for Bilingual Education. Vol 1 No. 4 fall 1995 Haworth, P., Cullen, J., Simmons, H., Schimanski, L., McGarva, P., Woodhead, E. (2006). The role of acquisition and learning in young children’s bilingual development: A sociocultural interpretation. International Journal of Bilingual Education and Bilingualism, 9(3), 295-309. Macrory, G. (2006). Bilingual language development: What do early years practitioners need to know? Early Years An International Journal of Research and Development, 26(2), 159-169. Pà ¡ez, M. M., Tabors, P. O., Là ³pez, L. M. (2007). Dual language and literacy development of Spanish-speaking preschool children. Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology, 28(2), 85-102. Pearson, B. Z. (2007). Social factors in childhood bilingualism in the United States. Applied Psycholinguistics, 28(3), 399-410. Silverman, R. D. (2007). Vocabulary development of English-language and English-only learners in kindergarten. The Elementary School Journal, 107(4), 365-383 Franquiz, M. I. (1998). The effects of bilingual education on academic achievement, language development, and self-esteem of hispanic children. US: ProQuest Information Learning. Ng, E. (1999). The impact of heritage education on self-esteem and ethnic identity. US: ProQuest Information Learning. Tencer Garrity, T. L. (2003). An investigation of the relationship between acculturation and academic performance, self-esteem, and ethnic identity with mexican-american children. US: ProQuest Information Learning. Wright, S. C., Bougie, É. (2007). Intergroup contact and minority-language education: Reducing language-based discrimination and its negative impact. Journal of Language and Social Psychology, 26(2), 157-181.  How to cite Bilingual programs and language interventions: the challenges, Essay examples
Friday, December 6, 2019
Inquiry in Health Care Translational Psychiatry
Question: Discuss about theInquiry in Health Carefor Translational Psychiatry. Answer: Introduction The report is based on the scenario of Mariana, a single mother studying as a science student in the Australian University. She has a 18 months old daughter who suffers from asthma and hence she is worried that she might not able to interact with other students as her she has additional responsibilities in life. Mariana also suffers from health issues like diabetes and rare blood disorder which had made her very depressed in life. Based on this scenario, the report will critically analyze two research articles to determine which paper provides strongest evidence to reduce stress in Mariana. Critical Appraisal Paper 1 The first paper by von Haaren, et al., (2015) is a randomized controlled trials study to determine the impact of 20-week aerobic exercise on reducing emotional stress reactivity in real life. On the S5 level of evidence heirarchy, this research article comes under unfiltered piece of information and according to S6 evidence hierarchy, it come under the lowest level of studies as it is an article published in psychology of sport and exercise journal (Dicenso et al., 2016). Randomized controlled trial comes under level II of NHMRC level of evidence (NHMRC, 2009). and the research study is an experimental study according to JBI level of evidence (The JBI Approach | JBI, 2016). The introduction part of the research article clearly highlights the purpose of the study by stating that daily life stressors have impact on physical and emotional functioning of the people. The researcher stated that impact of physical exercise on reducing stress has so far been explained by stress-buffer hypothesis which means physical exercise acts as a moderator in reducing stress (von Haaren, et al., 2015). The purpose of study became important when the researcher highlighted the scope of problem by stating that so far studies have only focused on laboratory based task however real time assessment has not been done to determine the benefits of aerobic exercise on reducing stress (Grove et al., 2012).The research was carried out with 61 engineering students who were randomly assigned to a control group and aerobic exercise group. Their physical activity level was assessed by questionnaires and the cardiopulmonary exercise was done before the intervention. Experimental groups rec eived 20 week aerobic training and the outcome was evaluated by parameters like maximum oxygen consumption, maximum running speed, lactate threshold and anaerobic threshold. The success of aerobic exercise intervention was determined using the analysis of covariance after intervention. The findings of the result showed that lower emotional stress reactivity was found in intervention group compared to control groups after 20 week aerobic training programme (von Haaren, et al., 2015). The strength of the study is that the results are consistent throughout the article and it is also found consistent with other studies. Silveira et al., (2013) also studied about the impact of exercise on stress and it favoured the effect of exercise intervention on reducing the symptoms of depression. Hence, the research provided solution to the problem of dealing with daily life stress and recommending people with mild and moderate depression to feel motivated in life after incorporation of physical activity in daily life. The weakness of the study is that the research has not considered other factors that can have impact on stress response. Secondly, the study has been done only on same age group students and to determine the application of intervention, it is necessary to consider the effects on other age group of population too. As Mariana also suffers from depression and incorporating physical exercise intervention may help her enhance her motivations in life and reduce stress (von Haaren, et al., 2015). Critical Appraisal Paper 2 The second paper by Kim et al., (2013) investigates the effect of Kouk Sun, mind body exercise to improve respose to stress and reduce symptoms. The research design consisted of a a pilot study where university students with anxiety symptoms were randomly assigned to treatment group and control group. This form of pilot study comes under under unfiltered informantive evidence according to S5 evidence of heirarchy and original article published in journal according to 6S heirarchy of preappraised evidence (Dicenso et al., 2016).The NHMRC level of evidence classifies such study under the level III-2 evidence and and in top level of experimental studies according to JBI level of evidence (The JBI Approach | JBI, 2016). Kouk Sun Do (KSD) is a traditional mind-body based exercise practiced in Korea and the researchers main objective was to determine the effect of this meditative exercise, as the efficacy of this method has not been evaluated scientifically by researchers (Llapa Rodrigue et al., 2015). The purpose of the research became evident after the report that meditation and mindfulness has significant therapeutic effects on medical and psychiatric condition (van der Zwan et al., 2015). Within this context, yoga and Qigong exercise technique has been considered to foster stress tolerance after synchronizing breathing patterns. However, the researcher proposal of Kouk Sun Do, as an exercise programme to reduce stress is commendable because it consists of combination of all types of meditative exercise. Firstly, it consists of warm-up exercise and then meditative exercise with short postures and then followed by cool down exercise. Hence the research became significant in the absence of little emp irical evidence on psychotherapeutic impact of KSD intervention. The research was carried out with university student with anxiety symptoms, out of which 18 students were provided KSD intervention and the rest were in the control group. Both groups completed pre-test and post-test. The intervention group was given 70 minute KSD sessions three times per week for a period of four weeks and the outcome were assessed by parameters like depressive symptoms, self-efficacy and coping skills. The benefits of the session were analyzed using open-ended questionnaires and the data was analyzed using the repeated measure analysis of variance. The results findings showed that depressive symptoms in treatment group improved compared to control group with time (Kim et al., 2013). The findings of the research are also supported by (Alderman et al., 2016) who highlighted that mental and physical training is a significant intervention that increases the neurogenesis on the adult brain. After 8 weeks of intervention, neural responses enhanced in participants and hen ce it proved that combining the effects of meditation and exercise can help in eliminating ruminating thoughts and coping with depression. The strength of study is that it helped in identification of the benefits of KSD combining physical exercise and meditation to enhance relaxation and reduce anxiety symptoms. It also helped in analyzing the effects of time and characteristic of people to determine the effect of KSD intervention. One weakness of the study was that since the effects of the study was studied with a very small size of sample, it is necessary that research is done with greater sample to make the intervention more reliable and useful for future intervention. However, the research was effective in providing an alternative approach to self-healing without the need for medical intervention. The intervention can also have great implication to reduce stress in Marianas life without the need of expenditure on medical expense. Justification for Best Evidence According to Scenario Since Mariana is a single mother and has little social support from family, it is necessary to provide an intervention that she can easily follow without compromising her priorities in life. Keeping this view in mind, it can be said that the second article on KSD intervention is the best treatment procedure to reduce stress in Marian compared to the intervention on aerobic exercise provided the first article. Kouk Sun Do is a combination of meditative and physical exercise and there is also many literature that supports the fact that mind-body exercise increases coping skills in people with depression. Lin et al., (2014) supports the effect of aerobic exercise and mind-body exercise in improvement in cognitive function and psychotic symptoms in people. The researcher suggested that mental stress is associated with impairment in attention and memory and it can also lead to other severe functional impairments. It also investigated the neuro-mechanism associated with stress. Similar to the research by Kim et al., (2013), Lin et al., (2014).) also assessed the paramenters of congitive function, fitness level and quality of life before and after intervention. The results showed that combination of mediation and physical exercise lead to significan improvement in memory and enhanced attention in particpants and reduced stress in participants. Hence, with support from this finding, it can be said that KSD intervention can also be recommended to Mariana to enhance her quality of life and reduce depressive symptoms. Conclusion The reported was based on identifying the best evidence to improve stress symptoms and mood improvement in Mariana, a single mother with depressive symptoms. The critical appraisal of article explained the influence of AET and KDS intervention on reducing stress in patient with depressive symptoms. Comparison with other existing literature revealed that second article is most effective in improving neural response and reducing stress in patients. Hence, KSD intervention was regarded as a better intervention to reduce stress in Marianas life. Reference Alderman, B. L., Olson, R. L., Brush, C. J., Shors, T. J. (2016). MAP training: combining meditation and aerobic exercise reduces depression and rumination while enhancing synchronized brain activity.Translational psychiatry,6(2), e726. Dicenso, A., Bayley, L., Haynes, R.B. (2016).Accessing pre-appraised evidence: fine-tuning the 5S model into a 6S model. - PubMed - NCBI.Ncbi.nlm.nih.gov. Retrieved 21 October 2016, from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19779069 Grove, S. K., Burns, N., Gray, J. (2012).The practice of nursing research: Appraisal, synthesis, and generation of evidence. Elsevier Health Sciences. Kim, J., Yang, H., Schroeppel, S. (2013). A pilot study examining the effects of kouk sun do on university students with anxiety symptoms: The effects of kouk sun do on mental health.Stress and Health,29(2), 99-107. doi:10.1002/smi.2431 Lin, J. X., Lee, E. H. M., Chan, S. K. W., Chang, W. C., Su, W., Khong, P. L., ... Honer, W. G. (2014). Aerobic Exercise and Mind-body Exercise (Yoga): neurocognitive and Clinical Effects of a Novel Treatment. Llapa Rodriguez, E. O., da Silva, G. G., Neto, D., Lisboa, C. F. (2015). The use of integrative and complementary practices in the treatment of occupational stress: an integrative review.Enfermera Global, (39), 316. National Health and Medical Research Council [NHMRC]. (2009). NHMRC additional levels of evidence and grades for recommendation for developers of guidelines. Silveira, H., Moraes, H., Oliveira, N., Coutinho, E. S. F., Laks, J., Deslandes, A. (2013). Physical exercise and clinically depressed patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Neuropsychobiology,67(2), 61-68. The JBI Approach | JBI. (2016).Joannabriggs.org. Retrieved 21 October 2016, from https://joannabriggs.org/jbi-approach.html van der Zwan, J. E., de Vente, W., Huizink, A. C., Bgels, S. M., de Bruin, E. I. (2015). Physical activity, mindfulness meditation, or heart rate variability biofeedback for stress reduction: a randomized controlled trial.Applied psychophysiology and biofeedback,40(4), 257-268. von Haaren, B., Haertel, S., Stumpp, J., Hey, S., Ebner-Priemer, U. (2015). Reduced emotional stress reactivity to a real-life academic examination stressor in students participating in a 20-week aerobic exercise training: A randomised controlled trial using ambulatory assessment.Psychology of Sport and Exercise,20, 67-75. doi:10.1016/j.psychsport.2015.04.004
Friday, November 29, 2019
Monday, November 25, 2019
Seasons of Life Essays
Seasons of Life Essays Seasons of Life Paper Seasons of Life Paper Tamaki Carter The College of New Rockwell Professor V. Pearson April 19, 2008 The Seasons of Life series examines the development process from infancy to late adulthood, and the many challenges that are faced at each stage of the development process. The first video examines the developmental process from birth to approximately age five. The video explores the many components and experiences that contribute to humans early development. The process of human development is very complex. There are many contributing factors that work in cohesion, that make p the developmental process in humans. One being the 3 clocks, which are the 3 clocks of development. The first clock Is the Biological clock. The Biological clock determines our physical growth, such as when we are born and when we die. Its the bodys way of keeping time. The second clock Is the social clock. The social clock Is society way of keeping track of human development. It Informs of what society expects from humans, and when. The social clock determines when a child should begin school, when one should consider marriage, and at what age a person should tire. The third clock is the psychological clock. The psychological clock is humans own personal clock, its human inner schedule. The psychological clock consists of your feelings, emotions, and everything that is you. The 3 clocks examined in video# 1 is the foundation that humans develop on. The 3 clocks are always ticking from birth to death. Video#2 discusses the development of children and adolescents from the ages of 6-20. It explores the many challenges that both children and adolescents endure In human development. The childhood and adolescents stages can be the most challenging stage of development for both the child, and the parents. Children must now adapt to life on their own terms, they must find ways to fit In with others, and all while trying to find their own place in this world. They must learn to deal with challenges and setbacks in positive ways now to ensure that in the future challenges are dealt with in a healthy and positive manner. Adolescents must learn to adjust to their 3 clocks being out of sync. This stage is both difficult for the child as it is for the arenas. Adolescents, on the one hand demand more freedom, while still demonstrating childlike behaviors. This is the time when puberty begins for most adolescents, which only adds to the confusion. Video# 3 discusses the development of young adults. It describes the challenges they face with coming to grips with their childhood, while preparing for their adulthood. During the young adult stage, the social clock Is Informing us that we now have to take life much more seriously. We have to decide our career paths, chose a companion, and decide If where going to extent our females. These are the years of critical decision making, because the decision made now will affect the future in positive or negative ways. The women won are nearing ten Ana AT young adults nave to race ten possible TTY Tanat soon, they will be unable to reproduce children, as their biological clock comes to an end. Men and women also have to deal with marriages that have gone bad, but for men this transition is not as hard for them as it is for women. Most men have the opportunity to start out fresh. In most cases that women are left with the children ND must now for the first time in their lives look for Jobs, whereas the men are single with no children, and are able to date, and find other companions, while the women struggles to make ends meet. Video #4 explains the development procedure of middle adults. The video examines the challenges middle adults experiences in this stage of life in society today, and the effects of the 3 clocks during this period. The social clock informs us of what society expects from us, and at what age. For instance the social clock determines when a child should begin school, when a person should insider marriage, and when a person should be retiring. But in todays society, the social clock is changing. In past generations, returning to school or changing careers in middle adulthood would have been a rare occurrence, but today many more people in middle adulthood are making these and many more changes in their lives. Due to better medicines, and better quality foods, people are living much longer today, than in past generations. People in middle adulthood now, have the opportunity to do Just about anything that they did earlier in their development. The Baby Boomers are showing us how to live in middle adulthood, they are showing us the attitude to have to ensure graceful aging in todays society. Some might not have a graceful aging experience because they have regrets about things either they did, or did not do and this can lead too mid-life crisis. Video# 5 explores late adulthood, and the challenges faced with dealing with ones mortality. Late adulthood refers to anyone over the age of 65, but being over 65 does not mean Just sitting at home knitting anymore. People of this age group are still living like they were young, and in fact there is a group called the Young/Old. The Young/Old are very active, and still seek fulfillment out of life. In late adulthood, the topic of sex is Just as important as it was in earlier stages of development, but now sex is more meaningful, more intimate, and more nurturing. In late adulthood, integrity and pride about ones life is very important, and for them a lifes review will allow them to find peace with themselves. For women this can be a challenging period, because men die sooner than women, any are left to be widows living alone. After many years of companionship, now they must deal with the fact that they are alone, no children, and no husband. The developmental process documented in these videos allows one to see the many stages in human development. From infancy to late adulthood humans have to endure the many seasons of development that life brings. From attachment to adolescents, and on to the mid-life crisis, and then to the lifes review one must constantly adjust to the seasons of life.
Thursday, November 21, 2019
International Trade Operations Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words
International Trade Operations - Essay Example ed many individual countries lowering the customs tariffs and other trade barriers resulting in the opening of new market opportunities for the operations of the trade. This opens new business prospects for the organizations dealing in the international business operations as it might prove favorable for Content Cow Dairy, Inc as well. Along with this, WTO always intends to implement the trade rules, policies and regulations in an appropriate manner based on the specifications of the countries thereby maintaining the transparency in the operations of the business. Along with this, WTO also tries to resolve the disputes associated amid trade relationships with the help of its varied rules and policies so as to ensure the free flowing of the business processes. This in turn enhances the satisfaction level and the reliability of the people over WTO. Apart from this, WTO also enhances and sustains the trading opportunities thereby improving the revenue of the countries (World Trade Organ ization, 2012). Hence, as WTO plays an essential part in trade related functions, these details are mandatory for you, in order to expand the business functions. Disputes are referred to as disregarding promises according to WTO. A dispute mainly arises when a country accepts a particular trade policy or acquires certain actions which are considered to be inappropriate by one or more fellow WTO members on the basis of the agreements. The procedure of settling the disputes in WTO is the responsibility of the Dispute Settlement Body, which comprises of all its expert members. WTO’s Dispute Settlement Body also includes certain stages which include consultation comprising of at least 60 days. Prior taking any actions, both the countries are asked to make mutual settlement of the dispute... The conclusion from this review states that the news of international expansion of Content Cow Dairy, Inc in order to enhance its reputation and brand image is one of the significant ideas which is highly appreciable. Notably, before expansion of the business dealing in dairy products in the market of Egypt, it is essential to obtain brief details about World Trade Organization (WTO) and its operations in the current structure of global markets. This is mandatory because many organizations dealing in the agricultural products are also highly penalized by WTO, thereby, increasing the tariffs, which rather proved detrimental for the business. The World Trade Organization (WTO) intends to manage and ease the global trade operations. The WTO is the only worldwide international association dealing with the policies and the rules of trade relationships existing amid two or more nations. At the heart are the accords of WTO, discussed and signed by the entire mass of the world’s tradi ng nations. Thus, WTO is an organization where the associated members of the government attempt to solve the global trade related issues so as to ease the operations. Industrialization is the procedure of social and economic alteration that transforms the trade relations of the country. As a result of the development of new expertise, skills and techniques, the knowledge of the human beings are also improving resulting in the augmentation of the international trade operations.
Wednesday, November 20, 2019
Literature Review on two topics (2000 words) Essay
Literature Review on two topics (2000 words) - Essay Example Therefore, this literature review discusses approaches pertaining to risks assessments in projects. Numerous scholars have examined various methods of assessing risks in projects. As such, the topic of methods of risk assessment is well presented. The authors selected by this study present imperative publication that can help one explain the subject of risk assessment comprehensively. Risk virtually refers to the possibility of loss, disadvantage, destruction or injury that may accompany a project. Risk assessment entails identifying a qualitative and quantitative cost of risks associated with the situation. The quantitative aspect examines the magnitude of the probable loss and the chances that the risk will occur. Risk assessment should be an evolving and learning practice, capable of adjusting to novel and dynamic demands of the project. According to McManus (2004), an ideal risk management plan should employ tactical procedures, methodologies and tools effective for predicting all probable risks accurately. Ideally, studies argue that the risk management refers to a concept of identifying risk, examining the risk and outline policies or approaches for lightening the risk. Ammar, Kayis and Amornsawadwatana (2012) state that risk assessments approach should involve analyzing the experiences of successful projects and engaging reliable professionals and analysts in the field. Methods of analyzing risks vary with the industries and the purpose of the assessment. An analysis may have a financial purpose, environmental or healthy impacts purpose. Studies have identified numerous methods of assessing risks. Risk assessment methods can be grouped into three broad categories: the qualitative, semi-quantitative, and quantitative (McManus 2004, p. 23). According to Wysocki (2012), qualitative assessments enable one to identify assents of priority and classify one that demands simple and rapid evaluation. The method is applicable often in situations
Monday, November 18, 2019
What Is Important in the Behaviors of the Managers Research Paper
What Is Important in the Behaviors of the Managers - Research Paper Example All the perspectives management are true with respect to the past writings by those described as managerial pioneers. While others have argued that the management thought began in the early days of the industrial revolution while others have argued that it began well before the industrial revolution. However, for this discussion, the focus would mainly be based on the patterns and the themes in historical management practices and theory that have existed for quite a long time and evolution of management theory. Diamond (2005), explains that the society has to learn from the past and hence restructure, otherwise it faces threats of collapse. The major developments in research and theory have been very important in the development of the organizations and their management over the last century. First, it should be acknowledged that the researchers, as well as the developers of the theory and practice in management, have often treated the organizations as being similar in all perspectiv es. The managers should, therefore, be very much aware of the developments in the management practices in the historical perspective since they give insights for better management and continual improvements in management. This paper, therefore, holds the view that the different theories of management practised in the past have been influenced by the behaviors of the managers and the organizations (Rainey, 2009). The development of one management theory is vital for the development of the other since one's theory is practised, the behaviors of the organizations and how the managers react with respect to effeteness would be crucial for the improvement of a particular theory.
Saturday, November 16, 2019
Introduction To Space Technology Information Technology Essay
Introduction To Space Technology Information Technology Essay Without them, space exploration would be impossible. Rockets and space shuttles help transport people to space. Satellite telescopes and space stations help people explore space. They also help us understand space better by taking pictures of stellar objects. The ISS International Space Station has begun constructed in 1998.It will house up to 700 astronauts with a connection of modules as two football fields. There might also be a satellite that can take pictures far beyond what we have today. (1) Highly developed space technologies are required to make possible many potential space activities and to less the cost and improve the performances of others. The National Aeronautics and Space Act of 1958, which created the NASA, directed the Agency to accomplish the Nations Civil Space Activities to contribute significantly to the preservation of the role of the United States as a leader in Aeronautical and Space Sciences and Technology. (2) We all know the importance of satellite based technology in our daily lives as well as conventional military hard ware. After the cold war the development of satellites and electronic warfare technology enter into force of almost every field of conventional warfare. The usage of satellite technology primarily concerns and tactical advantages based on satellite surveillance, communication affect the opponents in conventional war. The problem of poor visibility or bad weather does not affect satellite weapons such as joint direct munitions (JDAM) and joined stand off weapon (JSOW). These weapons can be deployed in all weather condition without the need of any ground support it works upon GPS. Development of Pakistans space program: The Space and Upper Atmosphere Research Commission (SUPARCO) also known as the Pakistan Space Agency of the Pakistani government, responsible for nations public space program. SUPARCO was established on September 16, 1961 by the order of President Muhammad Ayub Khan on the advice of its founding director, Abdus Salam. (3) History: Pakistans mission to pursue peaceful space technology began in the early 1960s.It was Dr. Abdus Salams advice to the president of Pakistan to establish a National Space Agency of Pakistan. It was decided to set up a committee dealing with Space Sciences. A Space Science Research Wing of the Pakistans Atomic Energy Commission (PAEC ) was established through an Executive order of the President of Pakistan General Ayub Khan which was addressed to Dr.I H Usmani , the chairman of PAEC . The program of rocket firings was entrusted to the chairman of PAEC. (4) Dr. Abdus Salam was appointed its first chairman. On June 7 1962, under the leadership of Air Cdre. Wladyslaw Jozef Marian Turowicz, a two stage rocket, Rehbar-I was launched from the Sonmiani Satellite Launch Center. Pakistan was the third country in Asia and the tenth in the world to conduct such a launching. (5) The United States launch first rocket from Pakistani soil. The launch used the combination of two US rocket motors the NIKE CAJUN launched from Sonmiani, 50 Km west from Karachi .( 6 ) The rocket reached an altitude of almost 130 Km. The US Space Agency NASA hailed the launch at the beginning of a program continuing co-operation in space research of mutual interest. The NASA SUPARCO co-operation agreement called for the training of Pakistani scientists and technicians at Guddard space flight center and Wallops Island NASA also set up research associates and fellowship programs at American universities. In 1981 SUPARCO planed Astronautic program with NASA. But due to the space shuttle challenger incident the program was p ut on hold. Later it was cancelled in 1990. (6) On 8 March 1966, President Ayub Khan constituted SUPARCO as a separate organization. Dr Abdus Salam , along with Dr. W J M Turowicz, led a team of aerospace engineers and rocket scientists to design a Rehbar sounding rocket series.(7) Dr Abdus Salam also established space centers in different cities of Pakistan like Karachi and Lahore. He also initiated an aerospace engineering program in SUPARCO. He was one of the pioneering figures in the 1960s to lead Pakistan in the space power world. He knows the importance of space and nuclear technology his efforts were also involved in the development and installation of high powered astronomical telescope at Karachi University. He also established aero space engineering course at PAF Academy.(8) Though the Pakistani space program was frozen several times like in 1970s, by the government of Pakistan , President Yahya Khan and PM Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto froze it more than a decade then again in 1993s both nuclear and space program due to economic depression. This space program was defreeze by then President General Pervaiz Mussharraf and the agency developed a satellite development program rapidly but on the other hand Indian space Research organization(ISRO) progress very well as ESA, NASA and Chinese space agency. SUPARCO faced strict sanctions on the import of various materials required to manufacture and launch rockets during early 90s from USA and Russia. The delay of Russian launch vehicle also resulting the long delay for th e launch of Badr B, Pakistans second satellite, These events had an immense impact on SUPARCOs plan to launch and place its own satellite in orbit. (9) Beside the talented space and nuclear scientists Pakistan followed the policy of deliberate ambiguity for many decades. Thats why its still unclear what the plans and operations as well as the capability of SUPARCO and its facilities are? Comparison of Pakistan and India space program: Badr -1: SUPARCO with the help of Amateur Radio Society started building the small Amateur radio satellite in late 1986. Badr -1 was planned to be launched on the US Space Shuttle, but Challenger explosion and consequent delay in American flight changed the plan. (10) Badr -A was Pakistans first indigenously developed satellite and was launched from the Xichang Launcher Center, China on July 16, 1990 aboard a Chinese Long March 2E rocket. Badr- 1 weighted 150 pounds. It was designed for a circular orbit at 250- 300 miles altitude, the satellite successfully completed its designed life. (11) Badr -B: Pakistans second satellite was Badr -B .It was an earth observation satellite and was launched on 10 December 2001 on a Zenit 2 rocket from Baikonur Cosmodrome, Kazakhstan. It was designed by Space Innovations Limited from the UK. (12) Pakistan has only operated one small satellite in LEO; the countrys modest space program has long been leaning toward remote sensing applications. A data processing infrastructure has been established to exploit earth observation data transmitted by Land sat, NOAA, and SPOT satellites. Further SUPARCO is preparing for the commercial launch of a simple Pakistani satellite with earth imaging capabilities. It was expected that SUPARCO would launch the second Badar -II satellite in1993 but target was not achieved. The Badr -II will help Pakistan in making of infrastructure for space competent system and achievement of know how and capability in the field of satellite attitude control. (12) PakSat-1: PakSat-1 was Pakistans first geostationary satellite. The satellite was initially known as Palapa C1 and was designed to serve Indonesia after an electronics failure, it was renamed Anatolia 1 and then renamed again to PakSat-1i in 2002.it was originally manufactured by Boeing and used the HS 601 spacecraft design. It was launched on February 1, 1996. (13) PakSat-1 currently severing a number of regional customers including, TV broadcasters, telecom companies, data and broad band internet services providers as well as government organizations. PakSat-1 will be replaced before its end of life by PakSat- 1R to ensure continuity of service. (14) PakSat- 1R Satellite: PakSat- 1R Satellite will replace the existing paksat -1 in 2010.under the agreement Telesat will help the Pakistani agency find a manufacturer, technical and commercial advice and also to help supervise the construction of new satellite and monitor the launch and in-orbit testing services. Haft Ballistic Missile Project: Despite of space program SUPARCO initiated Pakistan nuclear missile development program in early 1980s.scientists from KRL and SUPARCO developed colaboratlly Haft missiles series. It was reviled in 1989.with the successful launch of an indigenous multi stage rocket into the deep space. Which was said 480 Km deep into the space. Recently SUPARCO has tested two high altitude hyper sonic sounding rockets (Shaper and Rakhnum). This is claimed to be a 3 stage liquid fuel rocket and get the altitude of 1000 Km. (15) Shaheen III satellite launch vehicle (SLV): Its a 3 stage SLV and can carry the payload of 100 Kg to an orbit of 450-500 km above earth surface. (16) Indian Space Research Organization: The national space program was formally organized in 1972 with the formation of space commission, the department of space (DOS) and Indian space organization (ISRO) to promote the development and application of space technology and socio economic benefit of the country. Space commission is the policy making body and these policies are implemented by department of space .research and development activities are carried out through Indian space research orgnisation.the over all co-ordination of the space program is carried out by program offices of ISRO in different areas like satellite communication, earth observation systems, space sciences, launch vehicles, international co-operation and industrial co-ordination etc. (17) Major establishments of the department of space include: National remote sensing agency (NRSA): NRSA located in Haiderabad is an antonymous institution supported by department of space .its main task is acquisition, processing and distribution of data from remote sensing satellites. It has an earth station that receives data from Indian remote sensing satellites, US-LANDSAT and NOAA, French SPOT and also acquires micro wave data from European remote sensing satellite (ERS).NRSA is also responsible for Indian institute at Dehradun.(17) b) Physical research laboratory (PRL): it is located at Ahmadabad. It is a premier center for research in space and allied sciences. PRLs main research areas are ASTRONOMY, ASTRO PHYSICS, PLANETARY ATMOSPHERE, EARTH SCIENCES, SOLAR SYSTEMS STUDIES and THEORETCIAL PHYSICS. It also manages solar observatory at Udaipur. c) National mesosphere -stratosphere troposphere radar facility (NMRF): this facility conducts atmospheric research and also available for national and international scientists.(17) d) Vikram sarabhai space center (VSSC): it is located at Thiruvanthapuram. It is the main establishment for all rockets and launch vehicle programs. Its major research areas are Aeronautics, Launch Vehicles, Avionics, Propellants, and Composites, Solid propulsion, mechanical computers and system reliability.(17) e) ISRO Satellite center (ISAC): ISAC is the lead establishment in research and development of satellite technology. Its main areas of activities are Power systems, Digital systems, communications, Microwaves, Thermal systems, Space craft mechanisms, Assembly and testing. It also carries out research and development in the field of Electro optic sensors and other relevant systems of satellites.(17) f)Shar center : Shar Center is located in Sriharikota (Tamilnado)is the main launch center of ISRO. It acquired all facilities required for a launch mission including range instrumentation, mission analysis, range safety, and meteorology. This center also has the facilities for processing and ground testing solid propellant motors required for launch vehicles. Shar also operates the launch ranges at Kerala. (18) g) Liquid propulsion systems center (LPSC): the activities of LPSC are carried out at different places like Bangalore Thiruvanthapuram. h) Space application center (SAC): Space application center is located at Ahmadabad. Its major areas of activity consist of satellite communication and remote sensing. Including micro wave remote sensing .it also operates Delhi Earth station for satellite communication. (18) i) ISRO Telemetry, tracking and command network (ISTRAC): This establishment provides mission support nearer satellites and launch vehicle missions. It has also established a vast network of ground stations at Bangalore, Lucknow, port blar, siriharikota, tamilnado , bears lake ,Mauritius and many others . j)Development and educational communicational unit (DECU): it is located at Ahmadabad. It is involved in conception, definition, planning, and implementation and socio economic evaluation of space application.(19) k) INSAT Master control facility (MCF): INSAT Master control facility is located at Hassan Karnatka.it is responsible for all post launch operations on INSAT satellites which includes orbit Manoeubres , station keeping and on orbit operation of the space craft.(19) l) ISRO Inertial system unit (IISU): It is located at Thiruvanthapuram. Its area of research and development includes navigation systems, satellites inertial systems integration and simulation of inertial systems, bearing and space technology.(19) m)Antrix Corporation limited: it is marketing agency under the department of space which markets satellite components and sub systems. It also provides satellite fabrication, launch services and tracking facilities. (20) Major technological programs and achievements: From a Modest beginning in 1963 with the launch of small rocket from Thumba Thiruvanthapuram, Indian space program has come along way. Today Indian national satellite system (INSAT)and the Indian remote sensing satellite system (IRS)are the vital elements of national infra structure for telecommunication , television broad casting, meteorology , survey and management of resources are now designed and build indegiousnly INSAT satellite system. It is one of the largest domestic satellite systems in the world today. INSAT Systems got a substantial boost in 1999-2000 with the commission of INSAT- 2E and the planned launch of first two INSAT 3 A and INSAT 3 V of the five satellite series. It also extended C-band transponders. (21) IRS Satellite Systems: An Indian remote sensing satellite system comprises a constellation of four satellites. IRS Satellite Systems provides remote sensing services. Data provided by these satellites is put to use for application like agricultural crop acreage and yield estimation, ground water targeting, identification of waste land for possible reclamation, forest survey snow melting, mineral prospects, thematic mapping, and urban planning environmental monitoring and so on. Data from IRS Satellite is also acquired and used by several other countries like Korea, Japan, Thailand, Europe and Dubai under commercial agreements. The IRS series includes OCEAN SAT, CARTOSAT and RESOURCESAT and many others.(21) Satellite Launch Vehicles: ISRO has made substantial progress in the development of launch vehicle. The Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle (PSLV) has already became operational with the successful launch of IRS 1.it is also plan to launch all future satellites in the IRS series by this vehicle. The PSLV is also being offered other countries to launch their satellites. A beginning was made by launching IRS -P4 (OCEAN SAT) PSLV-C2 was used to launched two small satellites namely the Korean (KISAT) and the German TUBSAT as pay load.(21) Part 2: Militarization of space: Space plays an increasing role in military activities. Over 800 satellites orbit the earth, many of which have military uses, from reconnaissance to guiding weapon systems. Satellites are the main focus of military activities. They are widely used to provide support for military or security related activities such as verifying compliance with arms control treaties. They are also increasingly used to provide direct support for military operations. During the 2004 Iraq war, 68% of munitions were satellite guided. (22) Right from the beginning satellite has an important military role during war time as well as in peace time.dependance on them is increased dramatically in last two decades. The previous methods of reconnaissance, communication, remote sensing etc are largely responsible for increasing role of military satellites. Some of the most commonly military satellite applications are; Reconnaissance and intelligence gathering functions. Command and communication Navigation satellites Early warning satellites Meteorological satellites Nuclear detection satellites (23) 1: Reconnaissance and intelligence gathering functions: The most known types of military satellites are these used to verify the extant and the composition of military forces. The most important role of Reconnaissance and intelligence gathering satellites is the verification of the agreed limitation of strategic arms and monitoring of new military developments. It is achieved by a variety of electronic and photo graphic means. Command and communication: Command and communication is one such application the satellites today meant for the purpose can provide instant communication between the operational forces and their national command authorities irrespective of the distance or time of the day. (23) Navigation satellites: The Navigation satellites are capable of providing data to enable position fixing with an accuracy of few meters. Early warning satellites: The role of these satellites is to detect the exhaust of rising ICBMs. These satellites carry large telescopes and television cameras to transmit photos of detected ICBMs.(24) Meteorological satellites: Uses of these satellites like weather forecast have been earlier benefits of space program. The weather satellites not only provide long range forecast for military planners, they also play a key roll in reconnaissance satellites. They provide advance information to the mission planners of reconnaissance satellite on whether the target area will be clear of clouds cover or not. When the reconnaissance satellite makes its plan, this eliminates the wastage of reconnaissance film.(24) Nuclear detection satellites: The idea of nuclear detection using satellites originated by USA. While finding ways to police a nuclear test ban treaty. The solution came in the form of Wela satellites. This has the capability of detection a nuclear explosion at the distance of Venus or Mars and reports its yield and other characteristics. What now after 1970 IMEWS (integrated missile early warning satellites) had taken over its place. (24) How India can weaponise space to effect conventional and strategic forces: ISRO opposed military applications for duel use projects such as SLV3, (satellite launch vehicle- 3) .Ultimately the defense research and DRDO based missile program headed by Dr. Abdul Kalam who was the project in charge of SLV3 at ISRO, DRDO borrowed him with other scientists and other technology resources from ISRO directly for Indian missile program at DRDO where Dr. Abdul Kalam designed the Agni missile using the SLV 3 solid first stage and liquid fuel second stage (Prithvi Missile derived). IRS and INSAT were mainly intended and used for civilian economic purposes. They also offered military spinoff in 1996.ministary of defense blocked the use of IRS 1 C by the Indian environment and agriculture ministry in order to monitor ballistic missile near Indian borders. Indian air forces doctrine also aspired to use space assets for surveillance and battle management. (25) Satellite navigations allow precision in the delivery of weapons targets, increasing their lethality. Satellite navigations can be regarded as a force multiplier. Satellite navigations also allow forces to be directed and locate themselves more easily in the fog of war. According to the report by IANS February 9th 2010 India is developing an intelligence satellite for detecting conversations and espionage activities. According to Defense electronics research laboratory (DERL) Rupees 10 billion has been allocated in for this project in cooperation with ISRO. The satellite will be fitted with the electronic sensors are more powerful than the remote sensors satellites of ISRO. Space craft should be ready to launch by 2014. Anti-Satellites Weapons: According to a TV press briefing during the 97th Indian science conference the director general DRDO announced that India is developing lasers and Exo-Atmospheric Kill Vehicle that would be combined to produce a weapon to destroy enemy satellites in orbit. (26) Later in February 10 2010 DG DRDO and Scientific advisor Dr V K Saraswat said that India has all the building blocks necessary to integrate an anti- satellite weapon to neutralize the hostile satellites in low earth and polar orbits. He also said that the propulsion module and kill vehicles already existed in principle on the Agni missile series .he also said India doesnt had a formal anti-satellite weapon as yet, however anti- satellite weapons could be developed as the part of Indian Ballistic missile program which would be completed in 2014. (27) India also identified development of ASAT for electronic and physical destruction of satellites. In both LEO and the higher GEO synchronous orbits in its long term prospective plan s (2012-2027). (28) Launch capabilities: Geopolitical and economic positions during 1960s and 1970s forced India to start its own launch vehicle program. At its first days from 1960-70 India successfully developed a sounding rocket program. (29) By the 1980 the search yielded the satellite launch vehicle 3 and the more advanced augmented Satellite launched vehicle (ASLV) completed with operational supporting infrastructure. ISRO applied its capabilities and resources for the advancement of launch vehicle technology resulting in creation of polar satellite launch vehicle and geosynchronous satellite launch vehicle (GSLV). 1: Satellite launch vehicles (SLVs) SLV was a four stage solid fuel light launcher. It was intended to reach the height of 500 Km and can carry the pay load of 40 Kg. (30) Augmented satellite launch vehicle (ASLV): It was a five stage solid propellant rocket with the capability of placing a 150 Kg satellite in to LEO.THIS PROJECT WAS STARTED BY THE ISRO in early 1980s for the pay load to be placed into geostationary orbit. Its design was based on SLV later it was decommissioned in 1994. (31) 2: Polar satellite launch vehicle (PSLV): It was an expandable launch system developed to launch Indian remote sensing satellites into sun synchronous orbits .PSLVs can also launch small satellites in geostationary transfer orbit (GTO). The reliability of PSLV is proven by that it has launched 30 spacecrafts 14 Indian and 16 from other countries into a verity of orbits. (32) It also successfully launched 10 satellites at a time in April 2008 by making a new world record previously held by Russia. (33) 3: Geo synchronous satellite launch vehicle (GSLV): It is also an expandable launch system to enable India to launch its INSAT type satellites in to the orbit by making India less depending on other foreign rockets. It is the ISROs heaviest SLV which is capable of five tons payload to low earth orbit. (34) 4: Geo synchronous satellite launch vehicle Mark III (GSLV): It is a launch vehicle under development by ISRO which is capable to launch heavy satellites in geostationary orbits. Due to this development India will become non dependent for heavy lifting on foreign rockets. Its first flight is schedule in 2011. (35) Satellites launched by South Asian Countries: Till 2008 India launched 34 satellites indigenously or by other countries help. On the other hand Pakistan has launched 5 payloads in the orbits. Where as China has launched 83 payloads. (36) Areas of concern: In December 2006indian defense establishment conducted the first test of its missiles defense capabilities, in which an interceptor PAD destroyed a Prithvi SRBM at a height of roughly 50 Km. DRDO chief M Nataranjan stated that it was a major achievement of India although he acknowledged it would be some time before India might possess an anti-satellite capability.(37) Following the PAD anti-missile test, India conducted 13th test of BrahMos cruise missile. However it has not been able to develop a military satellite for the armed forces, along -standing demand of the latter. The military satellite projects being developed in cooperation with ISRO (38) When India will achieve its aims of armed forces military satellites that would be a highly vulnerable time for Pakistan. How Pakistan can respond: Pakistan is surrounded by two symbiotic (China India) and also Iran who is struggling in missile and space program. These countries have affected missile systems and satellite networks. To counter with these elements Pakistan must have an effective missile delivery system as well as effective missile defense systems. Both of these systems could not achieve the maximum results without any military satellite network. Reconnaissance and spying of the ground based troops, their movements and jamming or intercepting enemys network. All these elements based on spy satellites. To monitor the launch of enemys ballistic missile we should get thermal imaging capable satellites. In modern warfare systems all the three services should be interlinked with the battle fields with the help of sensors radars and communication satellites for the early warning and central command and control. Smart weapons like JADAMs their acquiring will be an asset for air force in this expensive race. Part 3: Economic effects of space race between India and Pakistan: The ISRO will receive 57.78 billion rupees ($1.25 bn) for 2010.its a 38 % increase over last year. 21 billion Rs will go to launch vehicle technology development while satellite technology will receive 10 billion Rs, a 45 % increase over the 2009 fund.(http//:www.space.com/news/india-space-budget-increase-sn-100315.html) Budget of SUPARCO in 2009 was 3.12 billion rupees for its four on going projects in the next fiscal year. Rs 1.764 billion for PakSat-1R. Rs 100 million for the development of environment validation and testing (EVT) Satellite. Rs 84 for intelligence development and capacity building in satellite engineering and technology etc. (39) Both (India Pakistan) are the nations with one of the poorest populations in the world who are investing billions of dollars into space missions and satellite launches. Instead to over come the poverty both are neglecting the core issue. Pakistan has no comparison with India in space race and without a doubt Pakistan can not afford the space race. How Indian developments are being seen by international world especially China and USA: The India Space Program considered being a sign of an Indian effort which can maintain some measure of equality with China on the world stage or to create its own claim to great power status. Because its still behind China. There has been increasing debate of an Asian space race among China, India, and Japan to explore the lunar surface. India has over 40 years of experience in space and has achieved a comparatively strong and mature capability in space applications. In technological terms, Indian space program is roughly comparable with Chinas program except in human spaceflight and exploration. While India spends a bit more than Russia does on its space program. The percentage of GDP that India devotes to space is second to USA. India moves to advance internationalize space exploration and any cooperation with USA or Russia, will have a major impact on space exploration throughout the next decade and beyond. Although India cant have strategic parity with China, but the Chinese ASAT test has highlighted a new Indian vulnerability, as the country is about to develop in coming years modern military observation and communication satellites. Conflict between India and Pakistan, with the potential of nuclear armed missiles exchange remains a source of international concern. In such conflict , to de-escalate the crisis China can provide reconnaissance to Pakistan, of Indian troops movements and mobile- missile deployments would be crucial for india. While using its ASAT on behalf of its ally to blind India could be a serious concern for India. To counter these threats India can seek reinforce intelligence ties to USA and Russia to use their capabilities which China might be reluctant to target. (40) Conclusion: As the comparison of India and Pakistan we can clearly see that Indias space and nuclear program is going by every means. Whether it is spying satellites or deployments of other countries spy satellites like Israel or its anti- satellite programs. All these areas of concerns destabilized the integrity of Pakistan as well as other countries like Iran and China. International community can create obstacle in permissions and clearances for Pakistans nuclear and missiles due to Israel and Indian influence on world community. But the thing is that India has a clear intention to advance its space and nuclear program, Pakistan will have to take countermeasures which will include deploying its own satellites and there is risks that in this respect may it provoke a space race that neither can afford. NOTES: 1:http://libary.thinkquest.org/j0112540/spacetek/index.html 2: http://www.nap.edu/openbook.php?record_id=6068page=5 3: history of SUPARCO 4: http://www.suparco.gov.pk/pages/history.asp 5: http://www.nap.edu/openbook.php?record_id=6068page=5 6:http://www.wisconsinproject.org/countries/Pakistan/hataf.html 7: http://www.nap.edu/openbook.php?record_id=6068page=5 8: http://www.nap.edu/openbook.php?record_id=6068page=5 9: history of SUPARCO 10: http://www.fas.org/ssp/guide/pakistan/earth 11: http://www.fas.org/ssp/guide/pakistan/earth 12: http://www.fas.org/ssp/guide/pakistan/earth 13: http://www.paksat.com.pk/ 14: http://www.paksat.com.pk/ 15: http://www.wisconsinproject.org/countries/Pakistan/hataf.html 16: (http//:en.wikipedea.org/wiki/space and Upper atmosphere Research commission 17: Dr. D C Agaraewal: satellite communication pg 344 18:Dr. D C Agaraewal: satellite communication pg 345 19:Dr. D C Agaraewal: satellite communication pg 347 20:Dr. D C Agaraewal: satellite communication pg 350 21:http://www.isro.org/lahnchvehicles/GSLVMARKIII/mark3.aspx 22: (POST note December 2006 # 273) 23: Dr. D C Agaraewal: satellite communication pg 354 24:Dr. D C Agaraewal: satellite communication pg 356 25: mistry, 94-95 26: peter B de seldingindia developing anti-satellite spacecrafts space .com 27: India developing weapon systems to neutralize enemys satellites Xinhua Newsagency.2010-01-03.reterived 2010 -01-03 28: http//:timesofindia.indiatimes .com/india/india-to-gear-up-4- star-wars/articles/show/5970384.cms) 29: http://www.isro.org/lahnchvehicles 30:ISRO vehicles. Jean
Wednesday, November 13, 2019
Free Essays - A Clockwork Orange is Not Obscene -- Clockwork Orange E
A Clockwork Orange is Not Obscene Anthony Burgess' A Clockwork Orange describes a horrific world in an apathetic society has allowed its youth to run wild. The novel describes the senseless violence perpetrated by teens, who rape women and terrorize the elderly. The second part of the novel describes how the protagonist, Alex, is "cured" by being drugged and then forced to watch movies of atrocities. The novel warns against both senseless violence and senseless goodness - of the danger of not being allowed to choose between good and evil. Though attacked as obscene in Orem, Utah in 1973, the book does not meet the legal definition of obscenity. While it contains possibly offensive language and violent imagery, these are not all that make up the novel. It is a powerful social commentary; a warning against growing lazy and desiring a quick fix to the problems of society. To be legally defined as obscene, a work must be completely lacking in redeeming social value. However, A Clockwork Orange has both social and literary value. It is a shocking warning of what t...
Monday, November 11, 2019
Personal Reflection Essay for Trip to Buddhist Temple Essay
This Sunday morning I had the opportunity to witness my first Buddhist temple service at the Toledo Zen Center. My classmate, Tasi, accompanied me and we arrived to the service around 10:30 in the morning. When we first entered the temple we were both greeted by the man whom I had spoken with about coming, but were instantly amazed at the amount of color there was within the temple and how beautiful it was. I immediately noticed how unique and unusual it was in appearance compared to any religious service that I had ever attended. From the beginning, I was intrigued and was looking forward to observing the Buddhist rituals and routines. After we were greeted we took our seats towards the back of the temple, as that was where we felt most comfortable. I noticed that there were many large pictures of Buddha and his two disciples that surrounded the people. The people participating in the service laid out a mat on the floor and began to kneel around the food they had placed on the mat as well. The monks began reciting a blessing in what they called Pali. Once they had gone through this stage, they began to speak or sing what I believe were verses from their scriptures. Eventually they all turned into a prayer-like position and began to pray. They remained in prayer-like position for almost an hour and after that they began to meditate. At the point that they began meditating, Tasi and I had to leave the service. I feel as though attending this service did confirm my perception of what a Buddhist service would be like. The way in which I had envisioned their services was very similar to the way in which it turned out to be. It was a very calming and relaxing environment and there were very little interaction within the people, other than the chanting of the scriptures. The only aspect of the service that was I was surprised by was the fact that was very little music or anything that could even resemble music within the service. I generally think of a service having some type of instruments playing, but there were no instruments or any form of music other than the people themselves. I personally found the religious activities that they performed to be very calming, soothing and perhaps rejuvenating. I enjoyed the chanting of the scriptures, as I feel that it made you feel and believe what you were learning and hearing even more so. In addition, I was very fond of the many pictures of the Buddha. The strange aspect to me was the lack of interaction between the people. That is an aspect of the religion that I was unable to relate to, but perhaps that is what makes the service so calming. I am unsure if this aspect is something that I would be able to handle very well, but overall I cannot say that there were really any parts of the service that offended me. I came into the experience rather open-minded and interested in really learning what their service was like in relation to the services I attend on a regular basis. All in all, I can definitely say that this was a positive experience for me. I thoroughly enjoyed the opportunity to take part in this service and felt very welcomed throughout the entire service. I was impressed by the reaction the people had to the meditation and felt as though I learned a lot from the trip as a whole. Although this may not be my religion of choice, I felt as though I benefited a great deal from expanding my knowledge on the Buddhist temple services and would definitely not be opposed to returning.
Saturday, November 9, 2019
Essay about Kiumarsi CHY242 W15 Chapter 15
Essay about Kiumarsi CHY242 W15 Chapter 15 Essay about Kiumarsi CHY242 W15 Chapter 15 CHY242 Organic Chemistry II Chapter 15 Infrared Spectroscopy & Mass Spectrometry Amir Kiumarsi 15.1 Introduction to Spectroscopy 15.2 IR Spectroscopy 15.3 Signal Characteristics: Wavenumber 15.4 Signal Characteristics: Intensity 15.5 Signal Characteristics: Shape 15.6 Analyzing an IR Spectrum 15.7 Using IR to Distinguish between Two Compounds 15.8 Introduction to Mass Spectrometry 15.9 Analyzing the (M)+ Peak 15.10 Analyzing the (M+1) + Peak 15.11 Analyzing the (M+2) + Peak 15.12 Analyzing the Fragments Chapter 10/2 15.14 Gas Chromatography- Mass Spectrometry 15.1 Introduction to Spectroscopy Wavelength Frequency Chapter 13/3 15.1 Introduction to Spectroscopy There are many wavelengths of light that cannot be observed with your eyes. Copyright 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 15-4 Klein, Organic Chemistry 1e 15.1 Introduction to Spectroscopy When light interacts with molecules, the effect depends on the wavelength of light used. This chapter focuses on IR spectroscopy. Copyright 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 15-5 Klein, Organic Chemistry 1e Interaction Electromagnetic Radiation with Molecules Chapter 13/6 Electromagnetic Spectrum Absorption Spectra Chapter 13/7 Electromagnetic Spectrum Absorption Spectra Chapter 13/8 Interaction Electromagnetic Radiation with Molecules p. 503 Infrared Spectroscopy Wavenumber is the reciprocal of wavelength Fig. 13-3, p. 505 Vibration in Organic Molecules Vibration of Water (H2O): youtube.com/watch?v=1uE2lvVkKW0 Vibrations of Molecules: youtube.com/watch?v=3RqEIr8NtMI Chapter 10/11 Â © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. 15.2 IR Spectroscopy Molecular bonds can vibrate by stretching or by bending in a number of ways. This chapter will focus mostly on stretching frequencies. Some night vision goggles can detect IR light that is emitted. Copyright 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 15-12 Klein, Organic Chemistry 1e 15.2 IR Spectroscopy The energy necessary to cause vibration depends on the type of bond. Copyright 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 15-13 Klein, Organic Chemistry 1e 15.2 IR Spectroscopy In the IR spectrum: % transmittance Wavenumber Copyright 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 15-14 Klein, Organic Chemistry 1e 15.2 IR Spectroscopy IR spectrum characteristics WAVENUMBER INTENSITY Strong, Moderate, weak SHAPE Copyright 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 15-15 Klein, Organic Chemistry 1e 15.3 IR Signal Wavenumber The WAVENUMBER for a stretching vibration depends on the bond strength and the mass of the atoms: bonded together Copyright 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 15-16 Klein, Organic Chemistry 1e 15.3 IR Signal Wavenumber Rationalize the trends below using the wavenumber formula: 1. 2. Copyright 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 15-17 Klein, Organic Chemistry 1e 15.3 IR Signal Wavenumber The wavenumber formula and empirical observations allow us to designate regions as representing specific types of bonds. Copyright 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 15-18 Klein, Organic Chemistry 1e 15.3 IR Signal Wavenumber region above 1500 cm-1 is called the diagnostic region. The region below 1500 cm-1 is called the fingerprint region. Copyright 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 15-19 Klein, Organic Chemistry 1e 15.3 IR Signal Wavenumber Analyze the diagnostic and fingerprint regions below. Copyright 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 15-20 Klein, Organic Chemistry 1e 15.3 IR Signal Wavenumber Analyze the diagnostic and fingerprint regions below. Copyright 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 15-21 Klein, Organic Chemistry 1e 15.3 IR Signal Wavenumber Compare the IR spectra. Copyright 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 15-22 Klein, Organic Chemistry 1e 15.3 IR Signal Wavenumber Compare the IR stretching wavenumbers below. Are the differences due to mass or bond strength? Which bond is strongest, and WHY? Copyright 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 15-23 Klein, Organic Chemistry 1e
Wednesday, November 6, 2019
the attitude of Jesus towards outcasts as presented in Lukes Gospel Essays
the attitude of Jesus towards outcasts as presented in Lukes Gospel Essays the attitude of Jesus towards outcasts as presented in Lukes Gospel Paper the attitude of Jesus towards outcasts as presented in Lukes Gospel Paper Essay Topic: Religion Jewish religion and culture created many distinctions in society and there were many categories of people who were considered as outcasts, such as, lepers, Romans, foreigners, the sick and the poor. People who belonged to any of these categories were considered unclean and therefore were avoided. Jesus consistently breaks these conventions and interacts with outcasts. Jesus demonstrates equality and compassion whilst dealing with outcasts. In Luke 16:19-31, the parable of the rich man and Lazarus. The Rich Man gave the beggar nothing, not even the scraps from the table passed over by those who had plenty. This lack of generosity certainly had its consequences in the afterlife. His misuse of his riches has excluded him from eternal reward. He has enjoyed his reward on earth in full, spending it all on himself, with no care for the beggar at his gate. Riches may have been a gift from God, a reward even, but even the Torah would reveal that the responsibility to be generous came with power and money. However,1 Jeremias has pointed out that Jesus audience may well have associated the rich man in His parable with tax collector, so the Rich Man in Jesus story ending up in torment, separated from the good, would not, perhaps have been surprising. On the other hand, its important to appreciate that from a Jewish perspective, many of Jesus listeners would perceive Lazarus as a sinner because of his miserable position, which was a judgement from God. Hence the sequel must have been wholly unexpected by the audience. Jesus listeners would have been shocked to learn that Lazarus was spending the afterlife in the intimate company of the great patriarch Abraham. He has enjoyed a complete reversal of fortune as suggested by 2Hendrikesen, after all the Rich man had several opportunities to help the beggar ut did not do so. It is also suggested by 3Drury that the Rich Man may, perhaps, have been of the Sadducee party. The Sadducees, a small but powerful group within Judaism, from whose ranks the top officials in the Temple. This elite often were the richest and the most powerful people who believed in preserving their traditions and would have kept In Luke 10:25-35 we have the Parable of the Good Samaritan, one of the most famous stories of Jesus and outcasts. The parable itself talks of how a man is beaten and robbed and left for dead by the roadside. A priest and a Levite walk by, ignoring him. The only one who stops and helps is a Samaritan. The Jews hated Samaritans at this time, and they wouldnt have liked that teaching. Jesus was saying that our neighbours might be the people we least expect. In that last parable, Jesus would have caused great offence by hinting that a Samaritan, a foreigner, and so an outcast, could reach the kingdom of heaven. Jews had the belief that they were Gods chosen people, and so were the only people who would enter heaven. Jewish law told that some groups should be ostracised and so they became outcasts. Jesus open welcoming of outcasts would have provoked hostile reactions among Jews as He was clearly breaking laws. Jesus himself was made an outcast for associating with other outcasts, which even helped his teachings. Jesus, however, welcomed and helped these people. He openly broke down the barriers that society had placed between themselves and these outcasts. Jesus touched lepers, talked with tax collectors and ate with sinners. One of the many examples of this is told in Luke 19:1-10. It is the story of Jesus and Zacchaeus, in which Zacchaeus is a chief tax collector who wanted to see Jesus. As he was small he climbed a sycamore tree to see Jesus. Jesus called him down and said he would stay in his house. The people were shocked that Jesus was going to and outcasts home. Zacchaeus promised to give half his belongings to the poor, and pay all he had cheated back four times as much. Jesus said that salvation had come to him and used a Messianic title talking of himself. This story is one of conversion, where the people were shocked that Jesus was actually calling a sinner and associating with him. How far does a social and historical background of first century Palestine contribute to an understanding of these events? In the time of Jesus, many people were marginalized; meaning that they were ostracised, or separated from the rest of the community. These outcasts included lepers, Romans, tax collectors, women (especially widows), sinners and foreigners. It was thought that these people deserved to be in treated like this as it was there own fault and that their sickness was a punishment from God. Jesus obviously did not agree with this opinion and showed that everyone was equal and deserved respect and care just like everyone else. The Jewish teachers of law would have been enraged by Jesus actions. He was going against major teachings of the law. On the Sermon on the Mount, he had taken it upon himself to, in the Jews eyes, to rewrite what had been passed down form generation to generation from Mosses and others. Although not completely changing them, some would have found that the new laws were much harder as they required real commitment to God. They considered that if you gave money to the church, you were a good person. Now they were shown that they must have the spirit and the faith, which was much more important. In many of Jesus miracles he did them because of the strong faith of those who received. Jews saw the Romans as an occupying army and the fact that they were foreigners and so in the Jews eyes wouldnt enter heaven. Jews would have believed that these were second-class citizens and anyone who worked for them were disloyal to the Jews. Also many Jews felt that tax collectors charged much more than was required. This was immensely irritating to the Jews and therefore tax collectors were considered unclean spiritually and morally.
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